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hacktricks/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-security-protections/macos-sandbox/README.md
carlospolop 466ebcbb16 f
2023-06-05 20:30:03 +02:00

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# Sandbox de macOS
<details>
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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</details>
## Información básica
El Sandbox de macOS (inicialmente llamado Seatbelt) **limita las aplicaciones** que se ejecutan dentro del sandbox a las **acciones permitidas especificadas en el perfil de Sandbox** con el que se está ejecutando la aplicación. Esto ayuda a garantizar que **la aplicación solo acceda a los recursos esperados**.
Cualquier aplicación con la **capacidad** **`com.apple.security.app-sandbox`** se ejecutará dentro del sandbox. Los binarios de **Apple** suelen ejecutarse dentro de un Sandbox y para publicar en la **App Store**, **esta capacidad es obligatoria**. Por lo tanto, la mayoría de las aplicaciones se ejecutarán dentro del sandbox.
Para controlar lo que un proceso puede o no hacer, el **Sandbox tiene hooks** en todas las **syscalls** en todo el kernel. **Dependiendo** de las **capacidades** de la aplicación, el Sandbox permitirá ciertas acciones.
Algunos componentes importantes del Sandbox son:
* La **extensión del kernel** `/System/Library/Extensions/Sandbox.kext`
* El **framework privado** `/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/AppSandbox.framework`
* Un **daemon** que se ejecuta en userland `/usr/libexec/sandboxd`
* Los **contenedores** `~/Library/Containers`
Dentro de la carpeta de contenedores, se puede encontrar **una carpeta para cada aplicación ejecutada en el sandbox** con el nombre del identificador de paquete:
```bash
ls -l ~/Library/Containers
total 0
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:20 com.apple.AMPArtworkAgent
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:13 com.apple.AMPDeviceDiscoveryAgent
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:03 com.apple.AVConference.Diagnostic
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:14 com.apple.Accessibility-Settings.extension
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:10 com.apple.ActionKit.BundledIntentHandler
[...]
```
Dentro de cada carpeta de identificación de paquete se puede encontrar el archivo **plist** y el directorio **Data** de la aplicación:
```bash
cd /Users/username/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari
ls -la
total 104
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:08 .
drwx------ 348 username staff 11136 May 23 20:57 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 username staff 50214 Mar 24 18:08 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist
drwx------ 13 username staff 416 Mar 24 18:05 Data
ls -l Data
total 0
drwxr-xr-x@ 8 username staff 256 Mar 24 18:08 CloudKit
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 19 Mar 24 18:02 Desktop -> ../../../../Desktop
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 Documents
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 21 Mar 24 18:02 Downloads -> ../../../../Downloads
drwx------ 35 username staff 1120 Mar 24 18:08 Library
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 18 Mar 24 18:02 Movies -> ../../../../Movies
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 17 Mar 24 18:02 Music -> ../../../../Music
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 20 Mar 24 18:02 Pictures -> ../../../../Pictures
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 SystemData
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 tmp
```
{% hint style="danger" %}
Ten en cuenta que aunque los enlaces simbólicos estén ahí para "escapar" del Sandbox y acceder a otras carpetas, la aplicación aún necesita **tener permisos** para acceder a ellas. Estos permisos están dentro del **`.plist`**.
{% endhint %}
```bash
# Get permissions
plutil -convert xml1 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist -o -
# In this file you can find the entitlements:
<key>Entitlements</key>
<dict>
<key>com.apple.MobileAsset.PhishingImageClassifier2</key>
<true/>
<key>com.apple.accounts.appleaccount.fullaccess</key>
<true/>
<key>com.apple.appattest.spi</key>
<true/>
[...]
# Some parameters
<key>Parameters</key>
<dict>
<key>_HOME</key>
<string>/Users/username</string>
<key>_UID</key>
<string>501</string>
<key>_USER</key>
<string>username</string>
[...]
# The paths it can access
<key>RedirectablePaths</key>
<array>
<string>/Users/username/Downloads</string>
<string>/Users/username/Documents</string>
<string>/Users/username/Library/Calendars</string>
<string>/Users/username/Desktop</string>
[...]
```
### Perfiles de Sandbox
Los perfiles de Sandbox son archivos de configuración que indican lo que está **permitido/prohibido** en esa **Sandbox**. Utilizan el **Lenguaje de Perfil de Sandbox (SBPL)**, que utiliza el lenguaje de programación [**Scheme**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme\_\(programming\_language\)).
Aquí puedes encontrar un ejemplo:
```scheme
(version 1) ; First you get the version
(deny default) ; Then you shuold indicate the default action when no rule applies
(allow network*) ; You can use wildcards and allow everything
(allow file-read* ; You can specify where to apply the rule
(subpath "/Users/username/")
(literal "/tmp/afile")
(regex #"^/private/etc/.*")
)
(allow mach-lookup
(global-name "com.apple.analyticsd")
)
```
{% hint style="success" %}
Revisa esta [**investigación**](https://reverse.put.as/2011/09/14/apple-sandbox-guide-v1-0/) **para ver más acciones que se pueden permitir o denegar.**
{% endhint %}
También se ejecutan **servicios del sistema importantes** dentro de su propio **sandbox personalizado**, como el servicio `mdnsresponder`. Puedes ver estos **perfiles de sandbox personalizados** en:
* **`/usr/share/sandbox`**
* **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles`**
* Otros perfiles de sandbox se pueden revisar en [https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles](https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles).
Las aplicaciones de **App Store** usan el **perfil** **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb`**. Puedes revisar en este perfil cómo los permisos, como **`com.apple.security.network.server`**, permiten que un proceso use la red.
SIP es un perfil de Sandbox llamado platform\_profile en /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf
### Ejemplos de perfiles de Sandbox
Para iniciar una aplicación con un **perfil de sandbox específico**, puedes usar:
```bash
sandbox-exec -f example.sb /Path/To/The/Application
```
{% code title="touch.sb" %}
# Sandbox for the touch command
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file-read-data file-read-metadata
(regex #"^/usr/share/locale/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Desktop/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Documents/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Downloads/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/tmp/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/var/folders/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/folders/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/tmp/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/dyld/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/messages/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/sessions/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/system/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/cores/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
(regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))
(allow file-write-data
```scheme
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
```
{% endcode %} (No hay nada que traducir en esta línea, es solo una etiqueta de markdown)
```bash
# This will fail because default is denied, so it cannot execute touch
sandbox-exec -f touch.sb touch /tmp/hacktricks.txt
# Check logs
log show --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage contains[c] "sandbox"' --last 30s
[...]
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136082+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) process-exec* /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136100+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136321+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
2023-05-26 13:42:52.701382+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) 5 duplicate reports for Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
[...]
```
{% code title="touch2.sb" %}
```
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file-write*
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Desktop/[^/]+$")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Documents/[^/]+$")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Downloads/[^/]+$")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Movies/[^/]+$")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Music/[^/]+$")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Pictures/[^/]+$")
)
```
{% endcode %}
```scheme
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
; This will also fail because:
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840002+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840016+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840028+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840034+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/lib/dyld
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840050+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) sysctl-read kern.bootargs
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840061+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /
```
{% code title="touch3.sb" %}
```
(version 1)
(deny default)
(import "bsd.sb")
(import "mach.sb")
(import "iokit.sb")
;; Allow reading of system files
(allow file-read* (regex #"^/usr/share/"))
(allow file-read* (regex #"^/usr/lib/"))
(allow file-read* (regex #"^/Library/"))
;; Allow writing to user's home directory
(allow file-write* (subpath (user-home-dir) ))
;; Allow network access
(allow network*)
;; Allow launching of touch command
(allow process-exec (regex #"^/usr/bin/touch$"))
;; Allow access to system keychain
(allow mach-lookup (global-name "com.apple.securityd"))
;; Allow access to IOKit
(allow iokit-open (iokit-user-client-class "IOHIDSystem"))
;; Allow access to BSD sysctl
(allow sysctl-read (bsd-name "kern.osrelease"))
```
{% endcode %}
```scheme
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/private/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/"))
; This one will work
```
{% endcode %}
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}
{% hint style="info" %}
Ten en cuenta que el **software** **creado por Apple** que se ejecuta en **Windows** **no tiene precauciones de seguridad adicionales**, como el aislamiento de aplicaciones.
{% endhint %}
Ejemplos de bypass:
* [https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html](https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html)
* [https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c](https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c) (pueden escribir archivos fuera del sandbox cuyo nombre comienza con `~$`).
### Depuración y bypass del sandbox
**Los procesos no nacen aislados en macOS: a diferencia de iOS**, donde el sandbox se aplica por el kernel antes de que se ejecute la primera instrucción de un programa, en macOS **un proceso debe elegir colocarse en el sandbox.**
Los procesos se aíslan automáticamente desde el espacio de usuario cuando se inician si tienen la concesión: `com.apple.security.app-sandbox`. Para obtener una explicación detallada de este proceso, consulte:
{% content-ref url="macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md" %}
[macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md](macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
### **Comprobar los privilegios de PID**
[Según esto](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG715HcDgO8\&t=3011s), **`sandbox_check`** (es un `__mac_syscall`), puede comprobar **si se permite o no una operación** por el sandbox en un PID determinado.
La [**herramienta sbtool**](http://newosxbook.com/src.jl?tree=listings\&file=sbtool.c) puede comprobar si un PID puede realizar una determinada acción:
```bash
sbtool <pid> mach #Check mac-ports (got from launchd with an api)
sbtool <pid> file /tmp #Check file access
sbtool <pid> inspect #Gives you an explaination of the sandbox profile
sbtool <pid> all
```
### Perfiles de Sandbox personalizados en aplicaciones de la App Store
Es posible que las empresas hagan que sus aplicaciones se ejecuten con **perfiles de Sandbox personalizados** (en lugar del predeterminado). Para ello, deben utilizar el permiso **`com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl`**, el cual debe ser autorizado por Apple.
Es posible verificar la definición de este permiso en **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb:`**.
```scheme
(sandbox-array-entitlement
"com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl"
(lambda (string)
(let* ((port (open-input-string string)) (sbpl (read port)))
(with-transparent-redirection (eval sbpl)))))
```
Esto **evaluará la cadena después de este permiso** como un perfil de Sandbox.
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