hacktricks/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-security-protections/macos-sandbox/README.md

Sandbox de macOS

☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️ -🐦 Twitter 🐦 - 🎙️ Twitch 🎙️ - 🎥 Youtube 🎥

• ¿Trabajas en una empresa de ciberseguridad? ¿Quieres ver tu empresa anunciada en HackTricks? ¿O quieres tener acceso a la última versión de PEASS o descargar HackTricks en PDF? ¡Consulta los PLANES DE SUSCRIPCIÓN!
• Descubre The PEASS Family, nuestra colección exclusiva de NFTs
• Obtén el swag oficial de PEASS y HackTricks
• Únete al 💬 grupo de Discord o al grupo de telegram o sígueme en Twitter 🐦@carlospolopm.
• Comparte tus trucos de hacking enviando PR al repositorio de hacktricks y al repositorio de hacktricks-cloud.

Información básica

El Sandbox de macOS (inicialmente llamado Seatbelt) limita las aplicaciones que se ejecutan dentro del sandbox a las acciones permitidas especificadas en el perfil de Sandbox con el que se está ejecutando la aplicación. Esto ayuda a garantizar que la aplicación solo acceda a los recursos esperados.

Cualquier aplicación con la capacidad com.apple.security.app-sandbox se ejecutará dentro del sandbox. Los binarios de Apple suelen ejecutarse dentro de un Sandbox y para publicar en la App Store, esta capacidad es obligatoria. Por lo tanto, la mayoría de las aplicaciones se ejecutarán dentro del sandbox.

Para controlar lo que un proceso puede o no hacer, el Sandbox tiene hooks en todas las syscalls en todo el kernel. Dependiendo de las capacidades de la aplicación, el Sandbox permitirá ciertas acciones.

Algunos componentes importantes del Sandbox son:

• La extensión del kernel /System/Library/Extensions/Sandbox.kext
• El framework privado /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/AppSandbox.framework
• Un daemon que se ejecuta en userland /usr/libexec/sandboxd
• Los contenedores ~/Library/Containers

Dentro de la carpeta de contenedores, se puede encontrar una carpeta para cada aplicación ejecutada en el sandbox con el nombre del identificador de paquete:

ls -l ~/Library/Containers
total 0
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 May 23 20:20 com.apple.AMPArtworkAgent
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 May 23 20:13 com.apple.AMPDeviceDiscoveryAgent
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 Mar 24 18:03 com.apple.AVConference.Diagnostic
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 Mar 25 14:14 com.apple.Accessibility-Settings.extension
drwx------@ 4 username  staff  128 Mar 25 14:10 com.apple.ActionKit.BundledIntentHandler
[...]

Dentro de cada carpeta de identificación de paquete se puede encontrar el archivo plist y el directorio Data de la aplicación:

cd /Users/username/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari
ls -la
total 104
drwx------@   4 username  staff    128 Mar 24 18:08 .
drwx------  348 username  staff  11136 May 23 20:57 ..
-rw-r--r--    1 username  staff  50214 Mar 24 18:08 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist
drwx------   13 username  staff    416 Mar 24 18:05 Data

ls -l Data
total 0
drwxr-xr-x@  8 username  staff   256 Mar 24 18:08 CloudKit
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    19 Mar 24 18:02 Desktop -> ../../../../Desktop
drwx------   2 username  staff    64 Mar 24 18:02 Documents
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    21 Mar 24 18:02 Downloads -> ../../../../Downloads
drwx------  35 username  staff  1120 Mar 24 18:08 Library
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    18 Mar 24 18:02 Movies -> ../../../../Movies
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    17 Mar 24 18:02 Music -> ../../../../Music
lrwxr-xr-x   1 username  staff    20 Mar 24 18:02 Pictures -> ../../../../Pictures
drwx------   2 username  staff    64 Mar 24 18:02 SystemData
drwx------   2 username  staff    64 Mar 24 18:02 tmp

{% hint style="danger" %} Ten en cuenta que aunque los enlaces simbólicos estén ahí para "escapar" del Sandbox y acceder a otras carpetas, la aplicación aún necesita tener permisos para acceder a ellas. Estos permisos están dentro del .plist. {% endhint %}

# Get permissions
plutil -convert xml1 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist -o -

# In this file you can find the entitlements:
<key>Entitlements</key>
	<dict>
		<key>com.apple.MobileAsset.PhishingImageClassifier2</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.apple.accounts.appleaccount.fullaccess</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.apple.appattest.spi</key>
		<true/>
[...]

# Some parameters
<key>Parameters</key>
	<dict>
		<key>_HOME</key>
		<string>/Users/username</string>
		<key>_UID</key>
		<string>501</string>
		<key>_USER</key>
		<string>username</string>
[...]

# The paths it can access
<key>RedirectablePaths</key>
	<array>
		<string>/Users/username/Downloads</string>
		<string>/Users/username/Documents</string>
		<string>/Users/username/Library/Calendars</string>
		<string>/Users/username/Desktop</string>
[...]

Perfiles de Sandbox

Los perfiles de Sandbox son archivos de configuración que indican lo que está permitido/prohibido en esa Sandbox. Utilizan el Lenguaje de Perfil de Sandbox (SBPL), que utiliza el lenguaje de programación Scheme.

Aquí puedes encontrar un ejemplo:

(version 1) ; First you get the version

(deny default) ; Then you shuold indicate the default action when no rule applies

(allow network*) ; You can use wildcards and allow everything

(allow file-read* ; You can specify where to apply the rule
    (subpath "/Users/username/")
    (literal "/tmp/afile")
    (regex #"^/private/etc/.*")
)

(allow mach-lookup
    (global-name "com.apple.analyticsd")
)

{% hint style="success" %} Revisa esta investigación para ver más acciones que se pueden permitir o denegar. {% endhint %}

También se ejecutan servicios del sistema importantes dentro de su propio sandbox personalizado, como el servicio mdnsresponder. Puedes ver estos perfiles de sandbox personalizados en:

• /usr/share/sandbox
• /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles
• Otros perfiles de sandbox se pueden revisar en https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles.

Las aplicaciones de App Store usan el perfil /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb. Puedes revisar en este perfil cómo los permisos, como com.apple.security.network.server, permiten que un proceso use la red.

SIP es un perfil de Sandbox llamado platform_profile en /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf

Ejemplos de perfiles de Sandbox

Para iniciar una aplicación con un perfil de sandbox específico, puedes usar:

sandbox-exec -f example.sb /Path/To/The/Application

{% code title="touch.sb" %}

Sandbox for the touch command

(version 1)

(deny default)

(allow file-read-data file-read-metadata (regex #"^/usr/share/locale/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Desktop/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Documents/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Downloads/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/tmp/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/var/folders/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/folders/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/tmp/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/dyld/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/messages/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/sessions/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/system/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/cores/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/.*"))

(allow file-write-data

(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))

{% endcode %} (No hay nada que traducir en esta línea, es solo una etiqueta de markdown)

# This will fail because default is denied, so it cannot execute touch
sandbox-exec -f touch.sb touch /tmp/hacktricks.txt
# Check logs
log show --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage contains[c] "sandbox"' --last 30s
[...]
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136082+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) process-exec* /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136100+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136321+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
2023-05-26 13:42:52.701382+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) 5 duplicate reports for Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
[...]

{% code title="touch2.sb" %}

(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file-write*
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Desktop/[^/]+$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Documents/[^/]+$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Downloads/[^/]+$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Movies/[^/]+$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Music/[^/]+$")
    (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Pictures/[^/]+$")
)

{% endcode %}

(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
; This will also fail because:
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840002+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840016+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840028+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840034+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/lib/dyld
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840050+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) sysctl-read kern.bootargs
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840061+0200  localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /

{% code title="touch3.sb" %}

(version 1)
(deny default)
(import "bsd.sb")
(import "mach.sb")
(import "iokit.sb")

;; Allow reading of system files
(allow file-read* (regex #"^/usr/share/"))
(allow file-read* (regex #"^/usr/lib/"))
(allow file-read* (regex #"^/Library/"))

;; Allow writing to user's home directory
(allow file-write* (subpath (user-home-dir) ))

;; Allow network access
(allow network*)

;; Allow launching of touch command
(allow process-exec (regex #"^/usr/bin/touch$"))

;; Allow access to system keychain
(allow mach-lookup (global-name "com.apple.securityd"))

;; Allow access to IOKit
(allow iokit-open (iokit-user-client-class "IOHIDSystem"))

;; Allow access to BSD sysctl
(allow sysctl-read (bsd-name "kern.osrelease"))

{% endcode %}

(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/private/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/"))
; This one will work

{% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

{% hint style="info" %} Ten en cuenta que el software creado por Apple que se ejecuta en Windows no tiene precauciones de seguridad adicionales, como el aislamiento de aplicaciones. {% endhint %}

Ejemplos de bypass:

• https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html
• https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c (pueden escribir archivos fuera del sandbox cuyo nombre comienza con ~$).

Depuración y bypass del sandbox

Los procesos no nacen aislados en macOS: a diferencia de iOS, donde el sandbox se aplica por el kernel antes de que se ejecute la primera instrucción de un programa, en macOS un proceso debe elegir colocarse en el sandbox.

Los procesos se aíslan automáticamente desde el espacio de usuario cuando se inician si tienen la concesión: com.apple.security.app-sandbox. Para obtener una explicación detallada de este proceso, consulte:

{% content-ref url="macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md" %} macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md {% endcontent-ref %}

Comprobar los privilegios de PID

Según esto, sandbox_check (es un __mac_syscall), puede comprobar si se permite o no una operación por el sandbox en un PID determinado.

La herramienta sbtool puede comprobar si un PID puede realizar una determinada acción:

sbtool <pid> mach #Check mac-ports (got from launchd with an api)
sbtool <pid> file /tmp #Check file access
sbtool <pid> inspect #Gives you an explaination of the sandbox profile
sbtool <pid> all

Perfiles de Sandbox personalizados en aplicaciones de la App Store

Es posible que las empresas hagan que sus aplicaciones se ejecuten con perfiles de Sandbox personalizados (en lugar del predeterminado). Para ello, deben utilizar el permiso com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl, el cual debe ser autorizado por Apple.

Es posible verificar la definición de este permiso en /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb:.

(sandbox-array-entitlement
  "com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl"
  (lambda (string)
    (let* ((port (open-input-string string)) (sbpl (read port)))
      (with-transparent-redirection (eval sbpl)))))

Esto evaluará la cadena después de este permiso como un perfil de Sandbox.