mirror of
https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks
synced 2024-12-19 17:44:47 +00:00
264 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
264 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# macOS Sandbox
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
|
||
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
||
|
||
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
|
||
|
||
</details>
|
||
|
||
## Basic Information
|
||
|
||
MacOS Sandbox (initially called Seatbelt) **limits applications** running inside the sandbox to the **allowed actions specified in the Sandbox profile** the app is running with. This helps to ensure that **the application will be accessing only expected resources**.
|
||
|
||
Any app with the **entitlement** **`com.apple.security.app-sandbox`** will be executed inside the sandbox. **Apple binaries** are usually executed inside a Sanbox and in order to publish inside the **App Store**, **this entitlement is mandatory**. So most applications will be executed inside the sandbox.
|
||
|
||
In order to control what a process can or cannot do the **Sandbox has hooks** in all **syscalls** across the kernel. **Depending** on the **entitlements** of the app the Sandbox will **allow** certain actions.
|
||
|
||
Some important components of the Sandbox are:
|
||
|
||
* The **kernel extension** `/System/Library/Extensions/Sandbox.kext`
|
||
* The **private framework** `/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/AppSandbox.framework`
|
||
* A **daemon** running in userland `/usr/libexec/sandboxd`
|
||
* The **containers** `~/Library/Containers`
|
||
|
||
Inside the containers folder you can find **a folder for each app executed sanboxed** with the name of the bundle id:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
ls -l ~/Library/Containers
|
||
total 0
|
||
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:20 com.apple.AMPArtworkAgent
|
||
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:13 com.apple.AMPDeviceDiscoveryAgent
|
||
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:03 com.apple.AVConference.Diagnostic
|
||
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:14 com.apple.Accessibility-Settings.extension
|
||
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:10 com.apple.ActionKit.BundledIntentHandler
|
||
[...]
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Inside each bundle id folder you can find the **plist** and the **Data directory** of the App:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
cd /Users/username/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari
|
||
ls -la
|
||
total 104
|
||
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:08 .
|
||
drwx------ 348 username staff 11136 May 23 20:57 ..
|
||
-rw-r--r-- 1 username staff 50214 Mar 24 18:08 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist
|
||
drwx------ 13 username staff 416 Mar 24 18:05 Data
|
||
|
||
ls -l Data
|
||
total 0
|
||
drwxr-xr-x@ 8 username staff 256 Mar 24 18:08 CloudKit
|
||
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 19 Mar 24 18:02 Desktop -> ../../../../Desktop
|
||
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 Documents
|
||
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 21 Mar 24 18:02 Downloads -> ../../../../Downloads
|
||
drwx------ 35 username staff 1120 Mar 24 18:08 Library
|
||
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 18 Mar 24 18:02 Movies -> ../../../../Movies
|
||
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 17 Mar 24 18:02 Music -> ../../../../Music
|
||
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 20 Mar 24 18:02 Pictures -> ../../../../Pictures
|
||
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 SystemData
|
||
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 tmp
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
{% hint style="danger" %}
|
||
Note that even if the symlinks are there to "escape" from the Sandbox and access other folders, the App still needs to **have permissions** to access them. These permissions are inside the **`.plist`**.
|
||
{% endhint %}
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
# Get permissions
|
||
plutil -convert xml1 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist -o -
|
||
|
||
# In this file you can find the entitlements:
|
||
<key>Entitlements</key>
|
||
<dict>
|
||
<key>com.apple.MobileAsset.PhishingImageClassifier2</key>
|
||
<true/>
|
||
<key>com.apple.accounts.appleaccount.fullaccess</key>
|
||
<true/>
|
||
<key>com.apple.appattest.spi</key>
|
||
<true/>
|
||
[...]
|
||
|
||
# Some parameters
|
||
<key>Parameters</key>
|
||
<dict>
|
||
<key>_HOME</key>
|
||
<string>/Users/username</string>
|
||
<key>_UID</key>
|
||
<string>501</string>
|
||
<key>_USER</key>
|
||
<string>username</string>
|
||
[...]
|
||
|
||
# The paths it can access
|
||
<key>RedirectablePaths</key>
|
||
<array>
|
||
<string>/Users/username/Downloads</string>
|
||
<string>/Users/username/Documents</string>
|
||
<string>/Users/username/Library/Calendars</string>
|
||
<string>/Users/username/Desktop</string>
|
||
[...]
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Sandbox Profiles
|
||
|
||
The Sandbox profiles are configuration files that indicates what is going to be **allowed/forbidden** in that **Sandbox**. It uses the **Sandbox Profile Language (SBPL)**, which uses the [**Scheme**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme\_\(programming\_language\)) programming language.
|
||
|
||
Here you can find an example:
|
||
|
||
```scheme
|
||
(version 1) ; First you get the version
|
||
|
||
(deny default) ; Then you shuold indicate the default action when no rule applies
|
||
|
||
(allow network*) ; You can use wildcards and allow everything
|
||
|
||
(allow file-read* ; You can specify where to apply the rule
|
||
(subpath "/Users/username/")
|
||
(literal "/tmp/afile")
|
||
(regex #"^/private/etc/.*")
|
||
)
|
||
|
||
(allow mach-lookup
|
||
(global-name "com.apple.analyticsd")
|
||
)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||
Check this [**research**](https://reverse.put.as/2011/09/14/apple-sandbox-guide-v1-0/) **to check more actions that could be allowed or denied.**
|
||
{% endhint %}
|
||
|
||
Important **system services** also run inside their own custom **sandbox** such as the `mdnsresponder` service. You can view these custom **sandbox profiles** inside:
|
||
|
||
* **`/usr/share/sandbox`**
|
||
* **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles`** 
|
||
* Other sandbox profiles can be checked in [https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles](https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles).
|
||
|
||
**App Store** apps use the **profile** **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb`**. You can check in this profile how entitlements such as **`com.apple.security.network.server`** allows a process to use the network.
|
||
|
||
SIP is a Sandbox profile called platform\_profile in /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf
|
||
|
||
### Sandbox Profile Examples
|
||
|
||
To start an application with an **specific sandbox profile** you can use:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sandbox-exec -f example.sb /Path/To/The/Application
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
{% tabs %}
|
||
{% tab title="touch" %}
|
||
{% code title="touch.sb" %}
|
||
```scheme
|
||
(version 1)
|
||
(deny default)
|
||
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
|
||
```
|
||
{% endcode %}
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
# This will fail because default is denied, so it cannot execute touch
|
||
sandbox-exec -f touch.sb touch /tmp/hacktricks.txt
|
||
# Check logs
|
||
log show --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage contains[c] "sandbox"' --last 30s
|
||
[...]
|
||
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136082+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) process-exec* /usr/bin/touch
|
||
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136100+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
|
||
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136321+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
|
||
2023-05-26 13:42:52.701382+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) 5 duplicate reports for Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
|
||
[...]
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
{% code title="touch2.sb" %}
|
||
```scheme
|
||
(version 1)
|
||
(deny default)
|
||
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
|
||
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
|
||
; This will also fail because:
|
||
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840002+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
|
||
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840016+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin/touch
|
||
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840028+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin
|
||
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840034+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/lib/dyld
|
||
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840050+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) sysctl-read kern.bootargs
|
||
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840061+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /
|
||
```
|
||
{% endcode %}
|
||
|
||
{% code title="touch3.sb" %}
|
||
```scheme
|
||
(version 1)
|
||
(deny default)
|
||
(allow file* (literal "/private/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
|
||
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
|
||
(allow file-read-data (literal "/"))
|
||
; This one will work
|
||
```
|
||
{% endcode %}
|
||
{% endtab %}
|
||
{% endtabs %}
|
||
|
||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||
Note that the **Apple-authored** **software** that runs on **Windows** **doesn’t have additional security precautions**, such as application sandboxing.
|
||
{% endhint %}
|
||
|
||
Bypasses examples:
|
||
|
||
* [https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html](https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html)
|
||
* [https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c](https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c) (they are able to write files outside the sandbox whose name starts with `~$`).
|
||
|
||
### Debug & Bypass Sandbox
|
||
|
||
**Processes are not born sandboxed on macOS: unlike iOS**, where the sandbox is applied by the kernel before the first instruction of a program executes, on macOS **a process must elect to place itself into the sandbox.**
|
||
|
||
Processes are automatically Sandboxed from userland when they start if they have the entitlement: `com.apple.security.app-sandbox`. For a detailed explanation of this process check:
|
||
|
||
{% content-ref url="macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md" %}
|
||
[macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md](macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md)
|
||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||
|
||
### **Check PID Privileges**
|
||
|
||
[According to this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG715HcDgO8\&t=3011s), the **`sandbox_check`** (it's a `__mac_syscall`), can check **if an operation is allowed or not** by the sandbox in a certain PID.
|
||
|
||
The [**tool sbtool**](http://newosxbook.com/src.jl?tree=listings\&file=sbtool.c) can check if a PID can perform a certain action:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sbtool <pid> mach #Check mac-ports (got from launchd with an api)
|
||
sbtool <pid> file /tmp #Check file access
|
||
sbtool <pid> inspect #Gives you an explaination of the sandbox profile
|
||
sbtool <pid> all
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Custom SBPL in App Store apps
|
||
|
||
It could be possible for companies to make their apps run **with custom Sandbox profiles** (instead of with the default one). They need to use the entitlement **`com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl`** which needs to be authorized by Apple.
|
||
|
||
It's possible to check the definition of this entitlement in **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb:`**
|
||
|
||
```scheme
|
||
(sandbox-array-entitlement
|
||
"com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl"
|
||
(lambda (string)
|
||
(let* ((port (open-input-string string)) (sbpl (read port)))
|
||
(with-transparent-redirection (eval sbpl)))))
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
This will **eval the string after this entitlement** as an Sandbox profile.
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
|
||
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
||
|
||
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
|
||
|
||
</details>
|