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SQLx Frequently Asked Questions
How can I do a SELECT ... WHERE foo IN (...) query?
In 0.6 SQLx will support binding arrays as a comma-separated list for every database, but unfortunately there's no general solution for that currently in SQLx itself. You would need to manually generate the query, at which point it cannot be used with the macros.
However, in Postgres you can work around this limitation by binding the arrays directly and using = ANY():
let db: PgPool = /* ... */;
let foo_ids: Vec<i64> = vec![/* ... */];
let foos = sqlx::query!(
"SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id = ANY($1)",
// a bug of the parameter typechecking code requires all array parameters to be slices
&foo_ids[..]
)
.fetch_all(&db)
.await?;
Even when SQLx gains generic placeholder expansion for arrays, this will still be the optimal way to do it for Postgres, as comma-expansion means each possible length of the array generates a different query (and represents a combinatorial explosion if more than one array is used).
Note that you can use any operator that returns a boolean, but beware that != ANY($1) is not equivalent to NOT IN (...) as it effectively works like this:
lhs != ANY(rhs) -> false OR lhs != rhs[0] OR lhs != rhs[1] OR ... lhs != rhs[length(rhs) - 1]
The equivalent of NOT IN (...) would be != ALL($1):
lhs != ALL(rhs) -> true AND lhs != rhs[0] AND lhs != rhs[1] AND ... lhs != rhs[length(rhs) - 1]
Note that ANY using any operator and passed an empty array will return false, thus the leading false OR ....
Meanwhile, ALL with any operator and passed an empty array will return true, thus the leading true AND ....
See also: Postgres Manual, Section 9.24: Row and Array Comparisons
How can I bind an array to a VALUES() clause? How can I do bulk inserts?
Like the above, SQLx currently does not support this in the general case right now but will in 0.6.
However, Postgres also has a feature to save the day here! You can pass an array to UNNEST() and
it will treat it as a temporary table:
let foo_texts: Vec<String> = vec![/* ... */];
sqlx::query!(
// because `UNNEST()` is a generic function, Postgres needs the cast on the parameter here
// in order to know what type to expect there when preparing the query
"INSERT INTO foo(text_column) SELECT * FROM UNNEST($1::text[])",
&foo_texts[..]
)
.execute(&db)
.await?;
UNNEST() can also take more than one array, in which case it'll treat each array as a column in the temporary table:
// this solution currently requires each column to be its own vector
// in 0.6 we're aiming to allow binding iterators directly as arrays
// so you can take a vector of structs and bind iterators mapping to each field
let foo_texts: Vec<String> = vec![/* ... */];
let foo_bools: Vec<bool> = vec![/* ... */];
let foo_ints: Vec<i64> = vec![/* ... */];
sqlx::query!(
"
INSERT INTO foo(text_column, bool_column, int_column)
SELECT * FROM UNNEST($1::text[], $2::bool[], $3::int8[]])
",
&foo_texts[..],
&foo_bools[..],
&foo_ints[..]
)
.execute(&db)
.await?;
Again, even with comma-expanded lists in 0.6 this will likely still be the most performant way to run bulk inserts
with Postgres--at least until we get around to implementing an interface for COPY FROM STDIN, though
this solution with UNNEST() will still be more flexible as you can use it in queries that are more complex
than just inserting into a table.
Note that if some vectors are shorter than others, UNNEST will fill the corresponding columns with NULLs
to match the longest vector.
For example, if foo_texts is length 5, foo_bools is length 4, foo_ints is length 3, the resulting table will
look like this:
| Row # | text_column |
bool_column |
int_column |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | foo_texts[0] |
foo_bools[0] |
foo_ints[0] |
| 2 | foo_texts[1] |
foo_bools[1] |
foo_ints[1] |
| 3 | foo_texts[2] |
foo_bools[2] |
foo_ints[2] |
| 4 | foo_texts[3] |
foo_bools[3] |
NULL |
| 5 | foo_texts[4] |
NULL |
NULL |
See Also:
- Postgres Manual, Section 7.2.1.4: Table Functions
- Postgres Manual, Section 9.19: Array Functions and Operators
How do I compile with the macros without needing a database, e.g. in CI?
The macros support an offline mode which saves data for existing queries to a JSON file, so the macros can just read that file instead of talking to a database.
See the following:
To keep sqlx-data.json up-to-date you need to run cargo sqlx prepare before every commit that
adds or changes a query; you can do this with a Git pre-commit hook:
$ echo "cargo sqlx prepare > /dev/null 2>&1; git add sqlx-data.json > /dev/null" > .git/hooks/pre-commit
Note that this may make committing take some time as it'll cause your project to be recompiled, and
as an ergonomic choice it does not block committing if cargo sqlx prepare fails.
We're working on a way for the macros to save their data to the filesystem automatically which should be part of SQLx 0.6, so your pre-commit hook would then just need to stage the changed files.
How do the query macros work under the hood?
The macros work by talking to the database at compile time. When a(n) SQL client asks to create a prepared statement from a query string, the response from the server typically includes information about the following:
- the number of bind parameters, and their expected types if the database is capable of inferring that
- the number, names and types of result columns, as well as the original table and columns names before aliasing
In MySQL/MariaDB, we also get boolean flag signaling if a column is NOT NULL, however
in Postgres and SQLite, we need to do a bit more work to determine whether a column can be NULL or not.
After preparing, the Postgres driver will first look up the result columns in their source table and check if they have
a NOT NULL constraint. Then, it will execute EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON) <your query> to determine which columns
come from half-open joins (LEFT and RIGHT joins), which makes a normally NOT NULL column nullable. Since the
EXPLAIN VERBOSE format is not stable or completely documented, this inference isn't perfect. However, it does err on
the side of producing false-positives (marking a column nullable when it's NOT NULL) to avoid errors at runtime.
If you do encounter false-positives please feel free to open an issue; make sure to include your query, any relevant
schema as well as the output of EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, FORMAT JSON) <your query> which will make this easier to debug.
The SQLite driver will pull the bytecode of the prepared statement and step through it to find any instructions that produce a null value for any column in the output.
Why can't SQLx just look at my database schema/migrations and parse the SQL itself?
Take a moment and think of the effort that would be required to do that.
To implement this for a single database driver, SQLx would need to:
- know how to parse SQL, and not just standard SQL but the specific dialect of that particular database
- know how to analyze and typecheck SQL queries in the context of the original schema
- if inferring schema from migrations it would need to simulate all the schema-changing effects of those migrations
This is effectively reimplementing a good chunk of the database server's frontend,
and maintaining and ensuring correctness of that reimplementation,
including bugs and idiosyncrasies,
for the foreseeable future,
for every database we intend to support.
Even Sisyphus would pity us.
Why does my project using sqlx query macros not build on docs.rs?
Docs.rs doesn't have access to your database, so it needs to be provided a sqlx-data.json file and be instructed to set the SQLX_OFFLINE environment variable to true while compiling your project. Luckily for us, docs.rs creates a DOCS_RS environment variable that we can access in a custom build script to achieve this functionality.
To do so, first, make sure that you have run cargo sqlx prepare to generate a sqlx-data.json file in your project.
Next, create a file called build.rs in the root of your project directory (at the same level as Cargo.toml). Add the following code to it:
fn main() {
// When building in docs.rs, we want to set SQLX_OFFLINE mode to true
if std::env::var_os("DOCS_RS").is_some() {
println!("cargo:rustc-env=SQLX_OFFLINE=true");
}
}