mirror of
https://github.com/nushell/nushell
synced 2024-12-25 12:33:17 +00:00
286 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
286 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
[](https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/nushell/nushell)
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[](https://crates.io/crates/nu)
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[](https://dev.azure.com/nushell/nushell/_build/latest?definitionId=2&branchName=master)
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[](https://discord.gg/NtAbbGn)
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[](https://changelog.com/podcast/363)
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# Nu Shell
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A new type of shell.
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# Status
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This project has reached a minimum-viable product level of quality.
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While contributors dogfood it as their daily driver, it may be unstable for some commands.
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Future releases will work to fill out missing features and improve stability.
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Its design is also subject to change as it matures.
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Nu comes with a set of built-in commands (listed below).
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If a command is unknown, the command will shell-out and execute it (using cmd on Windows or bash on Linux and macOS), correctly passing through stdin, stdout, and stderr, so things like your daily git workflows and even `vim` will work just fine.
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# Learning more
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There are a few good resources to learn about Nu.
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There is a [book](https://www.nushell.sh/book/) about Nu that is currently in progress.
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The book focuses on using Nu and its core concepts.
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If you're a developer who would like to contribute to Nu, we're also working on a [book for developers](https://www.nushell.sh/contributor-book/) to help you get started.
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There are also [good first issues](https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22) to help you dive in.
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We also have an active [Discord](https://discord.gg/NtAbbGn) and [Twitter](https://twitter.com/nu_shell) if you'd like to come and chat with us.
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You can also find more learning resources in our [documentation](https://www.nushell.sh/documentation.html) site.
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Try it in Gitpod.
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[](https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/nushell/nushell)
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# Installation
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## Local
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Up-to-date installation instructions can be found in the [installation chapter of the book](https://www.nushell.sh/book/en/installation.html). **Windows users**: please note that Nu works on Windows 10 and does not currently have Windows 7/8.1 support.
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To build Nu, you will need to use the **latest stable (1.39 or later)** version of the compiler.
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Required dependencies:
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* pkg-config and libssl (only needed on Linux)
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* on Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install pkg-config libssl-dev`
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Optional dependencies:
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* To use Nu with all possible optional features enabled, you'll also need the following:
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* on Linux (on Debian/Ubuntu): `apt install libxcb-composite0-dev libx11-dev`
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To install Nu via cargo (make sure you have installed [rustup](https://rustup.rs/) and the latest stable compiler via `rustup install stable`):
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```
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cargo install nu
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```
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You can also build Nu yourself with all the bells and whistles (be sure to have installed the [dependencies](https://www.nushell.sh/book/en/installation.html#dependencies) for your platform), once you have checked out this repo with git:
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```
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cargo build --workspace --features=stable
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```
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## Docker
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### Quickstart
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Want to try Nu right away? Execute the following to get started.
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```bash
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docker run -it quay.io/nushell/nu:latest
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```
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### Guide
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If you want to pull a pre-built container, you can browse tags for the [nushell organization](https://quay.io/organization/nushell)
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on Quay.io. Pulling a container would come down to:
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```bash
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$ docker pull quay.io/nushell/nu
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$ docker pull quay.io/nushell/nu-base
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```
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Both "nu-base" and "nu" provide the nu binary, however nu-base also includes the source code at `/code`
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in the container and all dependencies.
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Optionally, you can also build the containers locally using the [dockerfiles provided](docker):
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To build the base image:
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```bash
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$ docker build -f docker/Dockerfile.nu-base -t nushell/nu-base .
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```
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And then to build the smaller container (using a Multistage build):
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```bash
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$ docker build -f docker/Dockerfile -t nushell/nu .
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```
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Either way, you can run either container as follows:
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```bash
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$ docker run -it nushell/nu-base
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$ docker run -it nushell/nu
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/> exit
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```
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The second container is a bit smaller if the size is important to you.
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## Packaging status
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[](https://repology.org/project/nushell/versions)
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### Fedora
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[COPR repo](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/atim/nushell/): `sudo dnf copr enable atim/nushell -y && sudo dnf install nushell -y`
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# Philosophy
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Nu draws inspiration from projects like PowerShell, functional programming languages, and modern CLI tools.
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Rather than thinking of files and services as raw streams of text, Nu looks at each input as something with structure.
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For example, when you list the contents of a directory, what you get back is a table of rows, where each row represents an item in that directory.
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These values can be piped through a series of steps, in a series of commands called a 'pipeline'.
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## Pipelines
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In Unix, it's common to pipe between commands to split up a sophisticated command over multiple steps.
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Nu takes this a step further and builds heavily on the idea of _pipelines_.
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Just as the Unix philosophy, Nu allows commands to output from stdout and read from stdin.
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Additionally, commands can output structured data (you can think of this as a third kind of stream).
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Commands that work in the pipeline fit into one of three categories:
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* Commands that produce a stream (eg, `ls`)
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* Commands that filter a stream (eg, `where type == "Directory"`)
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* Commands that consume the output of the pipeline (eg, `autoview`)
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Commands are separated by the pipe symbol (`|`) to denote a pipeline flowing left to right.
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```
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/home/jonathan/Source/nushell(master)> ls | where type == "Directory" | autoview
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────┬───────────┬───────────┬──────────┬────────┬──────────────┬────────────────
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# │ name │ type │ readonly │ size │ accessed │ modified
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────┼───────────┼───────────┼──────────┼────────┼──────────────┼────────────────
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0 │ .azure │ Directory │ │ 4.1 KB │ 2 months ago │ a day ago
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1 │ target │ Directory │ │ 4.1 KB │ 3 days ago │ 3 days ago
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2 │ images │ Directory │ │ 4.1 KB │ 2 months ago │ 2 weeks ago
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3 │ tests │ Directory │ │ 4.1 KB │ 2 months ago │ 37 minutes ago
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4 │ tmp │ Directory │ │ 4.1 KB │ 2 weeks ago │ 2 weeks ago
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5 │ src │ Directory │ │ 4.1 KB │ 2 months ago │ 37 minutes ago
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6 │ assets │ Directory │ │ 4.1 KB │ a month ago │ a month ago
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7 │ docs │ Directory │ │ 4.1 KB │ 2 months ago │ 2 months ago
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────┴───────────┴───────────┴──────────┴────────┴──────────────┴────────────────
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```
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Because most of the time you'll want to see the output of a pipeline, `autoview` is assumed.
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We could have also written the above:
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```
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/home/jonathan/Source/nushell(master)> ls | where type == Directory
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```
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Being able to use the same commands and compose them differently is an important philosophy in Nu.
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For example, we could use the built-in `ps` command as well to get a list of the running processes, using the same `where` as above.
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```text
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/home/jonathan/Source/nushell(master)> ps | where cpu > 0
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───┬───────┬─────────────────┬──────────┬──────────
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# │ pid │ name │ status │ cpu
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───┼───────┼─────────────────┼──────────┼──────────
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0 │ 992 │ chrome │ Sleeping │ 6.988768
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1 │ 4240 │ chrome │ Sleeping │ 5.645982
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2 │ 13973 │ qemu-system-x86 │ Sleeping │ 4.996551
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3 │ 15746 │ nu │ Sleeping │ 84.59905
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───┴───────┴─────────────────┴──────────┴──────────
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```
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## Opening files
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Nu can load file and URL contents as raw text or as structured data (if it recognizes the format).
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For example, you can load a .toml file as structured data and explore it:
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```
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/home/jonathan/Source/nushell(master)> open Cargo.toml
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──────────────────┬────────────────┬──────────────────
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bin │ dependencies │ dev-dependencies
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──────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────────
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[table: 12 rows] │ [table: 1 row] │ [table: 1 row]
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──────────────────┴────────────────┴──────────────────
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```
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We can pipeline this into a command that gets the contents of one of the columns:
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```
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/home/jonathan/Source/nushell(master)> open Cargo.toml | get package
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─────────────────┬────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────┬─────────
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authors │ description │ edition │ license │ name │ version
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─────────────────┼────────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────┼─────────
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[table: 3 rows] │ A shell for the GitHub era │ 2018 │ MIT │ nu │ 0.9.0
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─────────────────┴────────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴──────┴─────────
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```
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Finally, we can use commands outside of Nu once we have the data we want:
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```
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/home/jonathan/Source/nushell(master)> open Cargo.toml | get package.version | echo $it
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0.9.0
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```
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Here we use the variable `$it` to refer to the value being piped to the external command.
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## Configuration
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Nu has early support for configuring the shell. It currently supports the following settings:
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| Variable | Type | Description |
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| --------------- | -------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| path | table of strings | PATH to use to find binaries |
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| env | row | the environment variables to pass to external commands |
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| ctrlc_exit | boolean | whether or not to exit Nu after multiple ctrl-c presses |
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| table_mode | "light" or other | enable lightweight or normal tables |
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| edit_mode | "vi" or "emacs" | changes line editing to "vi" or "emacs" mode |
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| completion_mode | "circular" or "list" | changes completion type to "circular" (default) or "list" mode |
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To set one of these variables, you can use `config --set`. For example:
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```
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> config --set [edit_mode "vi"]
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> config --set [path $nu.path]
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```
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## Shells
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Nu will work inside of a single directory and allow you to navigate around your filesystem by default.
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Nu also offers a way of adding additional working directories that you can jump between, allowing you to work in multiple directories at the same time.
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To do so, use the `enter` command, which will allow you create a new "shell" and enter it at the specified path.
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You can toggle between this new shell and the original shell with the `p` (for previous) and `n` (for next), allowing you to navigate around a ring buffer of shells.
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Once you're done with a shell, you can `exit` it and remove it from the ring buffer.
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Finally, to get a list of all the current shells, you can use the `shells` command.
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## Plugins
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Nu supports plugins that offer additional functionality to the shell and follow the same structured data model that built-in commands use.
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This allows you to extend nu for your needs.
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There are a few examples in the `plugins` directory.
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Plugins are binaries that are available in your path and follow a `nu_plugin_*` naming convention.
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These binaries interact with nu via a simple JSON-RPC protocol where the command identifies itself and passes along its configuration, which then makes it available for use.
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If the plugin is a filter, data streams to it one element at a time, and it can stream data back in return via stdin/stdout.
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If the plugin is a sink, it is given the full vector of final data and is given free reign over stdin/stdout to use as it pleases.
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# Goals
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Nu adheres closely to a set of goals that make up its design philosophy. As features are added, they are checked against these goals.
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* First and foremost, Nu is cross-platform. Commands and techniques should carry between platforms and offer first-class consistent support for Windows, macOS, and Linux.
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* Nu ensures direct compatibility with existing platform-specific executables that make up people's workflows.
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* Nu's workflow and tools should have the usability in day-to-day experience of using a shell in 2019 (and beyond).
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* Nu views data as both structured and unstructured. It is a structured shell like PowerShell.
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* Finally, Nu views data functionally. Rather than using mutation, pipelines act as a means to load, change, and save data without mutable state.
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# Commands
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You can find a list of Nu commands, complete with documentation, in [quick command references](https://www.nushell.sh/documentation.html#quick-command-references).
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# Contributing
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See [Contributing](CONTRIBUTING.md) for details.
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# License
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The project is made available under the MIT license. See the `LICENSE` file for more information.
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