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TTL Manipulation
Send some packets with a TTL enough to arrive to the IDS/IPS but not enough to arrive to the final system. And then, send another packets with the same sequences as the other ones so the IPS/IDS will think that they are repetitions and won't check them, but indeed they are carrying the malicious content.
Nmap option: --ttlvalue <value>
Avoiding signatures
Just add garbage data to the packets so the IPS/IDS signature is avoided.
Nmap option: --data-length 25
Fragmented Packets
Just fragment the packets and send them. If the IDS/IPS doesn't have the ability to reassemble them, they will arrive to the final host.
Nmap option: -f
Invalid checksum
Sensors usually don't calculate checksum for performance reasons. __ So an attacker can send a packet that will be interpreted by the sensor but rejected by the final host. Example:
Send a packet with the flag RST and a invalid checksum, so then, the IPS/IDS may thing that this packet is going to close the connection, but the final host will discard the packet as the checksum is invalid.
Uncommon IP and TCP options
A sensor might disregard packets with certain flags and options set within IP and TCP headers, whereas the destination host accepts the packet upon receipt.
Overlapping
It is possible that when you fragment a packet, some kind of overlapping exists between packets (maybe first 8 bytes of packet 2 overlaps with last 8 bytes of packet 1, and 8 last bytes of packet 2 overlaps with first 8 bytes of packet 3). Then, if the IDS/IPS reassembles them in a different way than the final host, a different packet will be interpreted.
Or maybe, 2 packets with the same offset comes and the host has to decide which one it takes.
- BSD: It has preference for packets with smaller offset. For packets with same offset, it will choose the first one.
- Linux: Like BSD, but it prefers the last packet with the same offset.
- First (Windows): First value that comes, value that stays.
- Last (cisco): Last value that comes, value that stays.
Tools
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