| .. | ||
| macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass | ||
| macos-default-sandbox-debug.md | ||
| README.md | ||
macOS Pesak
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- Podelite svoje hakovanje trikove slanjem PR-ova na HackTricks i HackTricks Cloud github repozitorijume.
Osnovne informacije
macOS Pesak (inicijalno nazvan Seatbelt) ograničava aplikacije koje se izvršavaju unutar peska na dozvoljene akcije navedene u profilu peska sa kojim se aplikacija izvršava. Ovo pomaže da se osigura da aplikacija pristupa samo očekivanim resursima.
Bilo koja aplikacija sa ovlašćenjem com.apple.security.app-sandbox će biti izvršena unutar peska. Apple binarni fajlovi se obično izvršavaju unutar peska i kako bi se objavili u App Store-u, ovo ovlašćenje je obavezno. Dakle, većina aplikacija će biti izvršena unutar peska.
Da bi se kontrolisalo šta proces može ili ne može da radi, Pesak ima kuke u svim sistemskim pozivima širom jezgra. Zavisno o ovlašćenjima aplikacije, Pesak će dozvoliti određene akcije.
Neki važni komponenti Peska su:
- Kernel ekstenzija
/System/Library/Extensions/Sandbox.kext - Privatni okvir
/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/AppSandbox.framework - Demon koji se izvršava u korisničkom prostoru
/usr/libexec/sandboxd - Kontejneri
~/Library/Containers
Unutar foldera kontejnera možete pronaći folder za svaku aplikaciju koja se izvršava u pesku sa imenom identifikatora paketa (bundle id):
ls -l ~/Library/Containers
total 0
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:20 com.apple.AMPArtworkAgent
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:13 com.apple.AMPDeviceDiscoveryAgent
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:03 com.apple.AVConference.Diagnostic
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:14 com.apple.Accessibility-Settings.extension
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:10 com.apple.ActionKit.BundledIntentHandler
[...]
Unutar svake fascikle sa identifikacijom paketa možete pronaći plist i Data direktorijum aplikacije:
cd /Users/username/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari
ls -la
total 104
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:08 .
drwx------ 348 username staff 11136 May 23 20:57 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 username staff 50214 Mar 24 18:08 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist
drwx------ 13 username staff 416 Mar 24 18:05 Data
ls -l Data
total 0
drwxr-xr-x@ 8 username staff 256 Mar 24 18:08 CloudKit
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 19 Mar 24 18:02 Desktop -> ../../../../Desktop
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 Documents
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 21 Mar 24 18:02 Downloads -> ../../../../Downloads
drwx------ 35 username staff 1120 Mar 24 18:08 Library
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 18 Mar 24 18:02 Movies -> ../../../../Movies
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 17 Mar 24 18:02 Music -> ../../../../Music
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 20 Mar 24 18:02 Pictures -> ../../../../Pictures
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 SystemData
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 tmp
{% hint style="danger" %}
Imajte na umu da čak i ako su simboličke veze tu da "pobegnu" iz Sandbox-a i pristupe drugim fasciklama, aplikacija i dalje mora imati dozvole da im pristupi. Ove dozvole se nalaze unutar .plist fajla.
{% endhint %}
# Get permissions
plutil -convert xml1 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist -o -
# Binary sandbox profile
<key>SandboxProfileData</key>
<data>
AAAhAboBAAAAAAgAAABZAO4B5AHjBMkEQAUPBSsGPwsgASABHgEgASABHwEf...
# In this file you can find the entitlements:
<key>Entitlements</key>
<dict>
<key>com.apple.MobileAsset.PhishingImageClassifier2</key>
<true/>
<key>com.apple.accounts.appleaccount.fullaccess</key>
<true/>
<key>com.apple.appattest.spi</key>
<true/>
<key>keychain-access-groups</key>
<array>
<string>6N38VWS5BX.ru.keepcoder.Telegram</string>
<string>6N38VWS5BX.ru.keepcoder.TelegramShare</string>
</array>
[...]
# Some parameters
<key>Parameters</key>
<dict>
<key>_HOME</key>
<string>/Users/username</string>
<key>_UID</key>
<string>501</string>
<key>_USER</key>
<string>username</string>
[...]
# The paths it can access
<key>RedirectablePaths</key>
<array>
<string>/Users/username/Downloads</string>
<string>/Users/username/Documents</string>
<string>/Users/username/Library/Calendars</string>
<string>/Users/username/Desktop</string>
<key>RedirectedPaths</key>
<array/>
[...]
{% hint style="warning" %}
Sve što je kreirano/izmenjeno od strane aplikacije u pesku će dobiti atribut karantina. Ovo će sprečiti prostor peska da pokrene Gatekeeper ako aplikacija u pesku pokuša da izvrši nešto sa open.
{% endhint %}
Profili peska
Profil peska su konfiguracioni fajlovi koji ukazuju šta će biti dozvoljeno/zabranjeno u tom pesku. Koristi se jezik profila peska (SBPL), koji koristi Scheme programski jezik.
Ovde možete pronaći primer:
(version 1) ; First you get the version
(deny default) ; Then you shuold indicate the default action when no rule applies
(allow network*) ; You can use wildcards and allow everything
(allow file-read* ; You can specify where to apply the rule
(subpath "/Users/username/")
(literal "/tmp/afile")
(regex #"^/private/etc/.*")
)
(allow mach-lookup
(global-name "com.apple.analyticsd")
)
{% hint style="success" %} Pogledajte ovaj istraživački rad da biste proverili više akcija koje mogu biti dozvoljene ili odbijene. {% endhint %}
Važne sistemske usluge takođe se izvršavaju unutar svojih sopstvenih prilagođenih sandbox-ova, kao što je mdnsresponder usluga. Ove prilagođene sandbox profile možete videti unutar:
/usr/share/sandbox/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles- Ostali sandbox profili mogu se proveriti na https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles.
Aplikacije iz App Store-a koriste profil /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb. U ovom profilu možete proveriti kako ovlašćenja poput com.apple.security.network.server omogućavaju procesu korišćenje mreže.
SIP je Sandbox profil nazvan platform_profile u /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf
Primeri Sandbox Profila
Da biste pokrenuli aplikaciju sa određenim sandbox profilom, možete koristiti:
sandbox-exec -f example.sb /Path/To/The/Application
{% code title="touch.sb" %}
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file-read-metadata)
(allow file-write-metadata)
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/tmp/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/tmp/"))
(allow file-read-data (regex #"^/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[C,T]/"))
(allow file-write-data (regex #"^/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[C,T]/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/T/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/T/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/T/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/T/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/T/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/T/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/T/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/T/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/C/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/C/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/C/C/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/C/C/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/T/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/T/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/T/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/T/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/T/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/C/T/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/T/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/C/T/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/C/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/T/T/C/T/"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/]+/C/T/C/T/"))
(allow file-write-data (literal "/private/var/folders/[^/]+/[^/]+/[^/
```scheme
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
{% endcode %}
# This will fail because default is denied, so it cannot execute touch
sandbox-exec -f touch.sb touch /tmp/hacktricks.txt
# Check logs
log show --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage contains[c] "sandbox"' --last 30s
[...]
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136082+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) process-exec* /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136100+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136321+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
2023-05-26 13:42:52.701382+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) 5 duplicate reports for Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
[...]
{% code title="touch2.sb" %}
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
; This will also fail because:
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840002+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840016+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840028+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840034+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/lib/dyld
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840050+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) sysctl-read kern.bootargs
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840061+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /
{% code title="touch3.sb" %}
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/private/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/"))
; This one will work
{% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% endtabs %}
{% hint style="info" %} Napomena da Apple-ov softver koji se pokreće na Windowsu nema dodatne sigurnosne mere, kao što je sandboxing aplikacija. {% endhint %}
Primeri zaobilaženja:
- https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html
- https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c (mogu da pišu datoteke van sandboxa čije ime počinje sa
~$).
Profili macOS Sandbox-a
macOS čuva sistemske profile sandbox-a na dve lokacije: /usr/share/sandbox/ i /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles.
Ako treća strana aplikacija ima com.apple.security.app-sandbox privilegiju, sistem primenjuje profil /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb na taj proces.
iOS Sandbox Profil
Podrazumevani profil se naziva container i nemamo SBPL tekstualnu reprezentaciju. U memoriji, ovaj sandbox je predstavljen kao binarno stablo Dozvoli/Odbij za svaku dozvolu iz sandbox-a.
Debugiranje i zaobilaženje Sandbox-a
Na macOS-u, za razliku od iOS-a gde su procesi od početka sandbox-ovani od strane jezgra, procesi moraju sami da se odluče za sandbox. To znači da na macOS-u, proces nije ograničen sandbox-om sve dok aktivno ne odluči da uđe u njega.
Procesi automatski dobijaju Sandbox kada se pokrenu iz korisničkog prostora ako imaju privilegiju: com.apple.security.app-sandbox. Za detaljno objašnjenje ovog procesa pogledajte:
{% content-ref url="macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass/" %} macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass {% endcontent-ref %}
Provera privilegija PID-a
Prema ovome, sandbox_check (to je __mac_syscall), može proveriti da li je operacija dozvoljena ili ne od strane sandbox-a za određeni PID.
Alatka sbtool može proveriti da li PID može izvršiti određenu radnju:
sbtool <pid> mach #Check mac-ports (got from launchd with an api)
sbtool <pid> file /tmp #Check file access
sbtool <pid> inspect #Gives you an explaination of the sandbox profile
sbtool <pid> all
Prilagođeni SBPL u aplikacijama App Store-a
Moguće je da kompanije svoje aplikacije pokreću sa prilagođenim Sandbox profilima (umesto sa podrazumevanim). Za to je potrebno koristiti privilegiju com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl koju mora odobriti Apple.
Moguće je proveriti definiciju ove privilegije u /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb:
(sandbox-array-entitlement
"com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl"
(lambda (string)
(let* ((port (open-input-string string)) (sbpl (read port)))
(with-transparent-redirection (eval sbpl)))))
Ovo će proceniti string nakon ovog ovlašćenja kao Sandbox profil.
Naučite hakovanje AWS-a od nule do heroja sa htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!
Drugi načini podrške HackTricks-u:
- Ako želite da vidite vašu kompaniju reklamiranu na HackTricks-u ili preuzmete HackTricks u PDF formatu proverite PLANOVE ZA PRETPLATU!
- Nabavite zvanični PEASS & HackTricks swag
- Otkrijte The PEASS Family, našu kolekciju ekskluzivnih NFT-ova
- Pridružite se 💬 Discord grupi ili telegram grupi ili nas pratite na Twitter-u 🐦 @carlospolopm.
- Podelite svoje hakovanje trikove slanjem PR-ova na HackTricks i HackTricks Cloud github repozitorijume.