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193 lines
9.4 KiB
Markdown
193 lines
9.4 KiB
Markdown
# Seccomp
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<details>
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<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
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Other ways to support HackTricks:
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* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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</details>
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## Basic Information
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**Seccomp**, standing for Secure Computing mode, is a security feature of the **Linux kernel designed to filter system calls**. It restricts processes to a limited set of system calls (`exit()`, `sigreturn()`, `read()`, and `write()` for already-open file descriptors). If a process tries to call anything else, it gets terminated by the kernel using SIGKILL or SIGSYS. This mechanism doesn't virtualize resources but isolates the process from them.
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There are two ways to activate seccomp: through the `prctl(2)` system call with `PR_SET_SECCOMP`, or for Linux kernels 3.17 and above, the `seccomp(2)` system call. The older method of enabling seccomp by writing to `/proc/self/seccomp` has been deprecated in favor of `prctl()`.
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An enhancement, **seccomp-bpf**, adds the capability to filter system calls with a customizable policy, using Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF) rules. This extension is leveraged by software such as OpenSSH, vsftpd, and the Chrome/Chromium browsers on Chrome OS and Linux for flexible and efficient syscall filtering, offering an alternative to the now unsupported systrace for Linux.
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### **Original/Strict Mode**
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In this mode Seccomp **only allow the syscalls** `exit()`, `sigreturn()`, `read()` and `write()` to already-open file descriptors. If any other syscall is made, the process is killed using SIGKILL
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{% code title="seccomp_strict.c" %}
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```c
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#include <fcntl.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <unistd.h>
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#include <string.h>
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#include <linux/seccomp.h>
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#include <sys/prctl.h>
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//From https://sysdig.com/blog/selinux-seccomp-falco-technical-discussion/
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//gcc seccomp_strict.c -o seccomp_strict
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int main(int argc, char **argv)
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{
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int output = open("output.txt", O_WRONLY);
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const char *val = "test";
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//enables strict seccomp mode
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printf("Calling prctl() to set seccomp strict mode...\n");
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prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT);
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//This is allowed as the file was already opened
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printf("Writing to an already open file...\n");
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write(output, val, strlen(val)+1);
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//This isn't allowed
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printf("Trying to open file for reading...\n");
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int input = open("output.txt", O_RDONLY);
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printf("You will not see this message--the process will be killed first\n");
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}
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```
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{% endcode %}
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### Seccomp-bpf
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This mode allows **filtering of system calls using a configurable policy** implemented using Berkeley Packet Filter rules.
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{% code title="seccomp_bpf.c" %}
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```c
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#include <seccomp.h>
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#include <unistd.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <errno.h>
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//https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/168452/how-is-sandboxing-implemented/175373
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//gcc seccomp_bpf.c -o seccomp_bpf -lseccomp
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void main(void) {
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/* initialize the libseccomp context */
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scmp_filter_ctx ctx = seccomp_init(SCMP_ACT_KILL);
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/* allow exiting */
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printf("Adding rule : Allow exit_group\n");
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seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ALLOW, SCMP_SYS(exit_group), 0);
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/* allow getting the current pid */
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//printf("Adding rule : Allow getpid\n");
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//seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ALLOW, SCMP_SYS(getpid), 0);
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printf("Adding rule : Deny getpid\n");
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seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EBADF), SCMP_SYS(getpid), 0);
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/* allow changing data segment size, as required by glibc */
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printf("Adding rule : Allow brk\n");
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seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ALLOW, SCMP_SYS(brk), 0);
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/* allow writing up to 512 bytes to fd 1 */
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printf("Adding rule : Allow write upto 512 bytes to FD 1\n");
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seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ALLOW, SCMP_SYS(write), 2,
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SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_EQ, 1),
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SCMP_A2(SCMP_CMP_LE, 512));
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/* if writing to any other fd, return -EBADF */
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printf("Adding rule : Deny write to any FD except 1 \n");
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seccomp_rule_add(ctx, SCMP_ACT_ERRNO(EBADF), SCMP_SYS(write), 1,
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SCMP_A0(SCMP_CMP_NE, 1));
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/* load and enforce the filters */
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printf("Load rules and enforce \n");
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seccomp_load(ctx);
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seccomp_release(ctx);
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//Get the getpid is denied, a weird number will be returned like
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//this process is -9
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printf("this process is %d\n", getpid());
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}
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```
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{% endcode %}
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## Seccomp in Docker
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**Seccomp-bpf** is supported by **Docker** to restrict the **syscalls** from the containers effectively decreasing the surface area. You can find the **syscalls blocked** by **default** in [https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/seccomp/](https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/seccomp/) and the **default seccomp profile** can be found here [https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/master/profiles/seccomp/default.json](https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/master/profiles/seccomp/default.json).\
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You can run a docker container with a **different seccomp** policy with:
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```bash
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docker run --rm \
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-it \
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--security-opt seccomp=/path/to/seccomp/profile.json \
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hello-world
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```
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If you want for example to **forbid** a container of executing some **syscall** like `uname` you could download the default profile from [https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/master/profiles/seccomp/default.json](https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/master/profiles/seccomp/default.json) and just **remove the `uname` string from the list**.\
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If you want to make sure that **some binary doesn't work inside a a docker container** you could use strace to list the syscalls the binary is using and then forbid them.\
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In the following example the **syscalls** of `uname` are discovered:
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```bash
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docker run -it --security-opt seccomp=default.json modified-ubuntu strace uname
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```
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{% hint style="info" %}
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If you are using **Docker just to launch an application**, you can **profile** it with **`strace`** and **just allow the syscalls** it needs
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{% endhint %}
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### Example Seccomp policy
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[Example from here](https://sreeninet.wordpress.com/2016/03/06/docker-security-part-2docker-engine/)
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To illustrate Seccomp feature, let’s create a Seccomp profile disabling “chmod” system call as below.
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```json
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{
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"defaultAction": "SCMP_ACT_ALLOW",
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"syscalls": [
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{
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"name": "chmod",
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"action": "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO"
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}
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]
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}
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```
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In the above profile, we have set default action to “allow” and created a black list to disable “chmod”. To be more secure, we can set default action to drop and create a white list to selectively enable system calls.\
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Following output shows the “chmod” call returning error because its disabled in the seccomp profile
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```bash
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$ docker run --rm -it --security-opt seccomp:/home/smakam14/seccomp/profile.json busybox chmod 400 /etc/hosts
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chmod: /etc/hosts: Operation not permitted
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```
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Following output shows the “docker inspect” displaying the profile:
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```json
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"SecurityOpt": [
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"seccomp:{\"defaultAction\":\"SCMP_ACT_ALLOW\",\"syscalls\":[{\"name\":\"chmod\",\"action\":\"SCMP_ACT_ERRNO\"}]}"
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],
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```
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### Deactivate it in Docker
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Launch a container with the flag: **`--security-opt seccomp=unconfined`**
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As of Kubernetes 1.19, **seccomp is enabled by default for all Pods**. However, the default seccomp profile applied to the Pods is the "**RuntimeDefault**" profile, which is **provided by the container runtime** (e.g., Docker, containerd). The "RuntimeDefault" profile allows most system calls while blocking a few that are considered dangerous or not generally required by containers.
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<details>
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<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
|
||
|
||
Other ways to support HackTricks:
|
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|
||
* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
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* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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</details>
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