hacktricks/todo/rust-basics.md

# Rust Basics

### Generic Types

Create a struct where 1 of their values could be any type

```rust
struct Wrapper<T> {
    value: T,
}

impl<T> Wrapper<T> {
    pub fn new(value: T) -> Self {
        Wrapper { value }
    }
}

Wrapper::new(42).value
Wrapper::new("Foo").value, "Foo"
```

### Option, Some & None

The Option type means that the value might by of type Some (there is something) or None:

```rust
pub enum Option<T> {
    None,
    Some(T),
}
```

You can use functions such as `is_some()` or `is_none()` to check the value of the Option.

### Macros

Macros are more powerful than functions because they expand to produce more code than the code you’ve written manually. For example, a function signature must declare the number and type of parameters the function has. Macros, on the other hand, can take a variable number of parameters: we can call `println!("hello")` with one argument or `println!("hello {}", name)` with two arguments. Also, macros are expanded before the compiler interprets the meaning of the code, so a macro can, for example, implement a trait on a given type. A function can’t, because it gets called at runtime and a trait needs to be implemented at compile time.

```rust
macro_rules! my_macro {
    () => {
        println!("Check out my macro!");
    };
    ($val:expr) => {
        println!("Look at this other macro: {}", $val);
    }
}
fn main() {
    my_macro!();
    my_macro!(7777);
}

// Export a macro from a module
mod macros {
    #[macro_export]
    macro_rules! my_macro {
        () => {
            println!("Check out my macro!");
        };
    }
}
```

### Iterate

```rust
// Iterate through a vector
let my_fav_fruits = vec!["banana", "raspberry"];
let mut my_iterable_fav_fruits = my_fav_fruits.iter();
assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), Some(&"banana"));
assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), Some(&"raspberry"));
assert_eq!(my_iterable_fav_fruits.next(), None); // When it's over, it's none
 
// One line iteration with action
my_fav_fruits.iter().map(|x| capitalize_first(x)).collect()

// Hashmap iteration
for (key, hashvalue) in &*map {
for key in map.keys() {
for value in map.values() {
```

### Recursive Box

```rust
enum List {
    Cons(i32, List),
    Nil,
}

let list = Cons(1, Cons(2, Cons(3, Nil)));
```

### Conditionals

#### if

```rust
let n = 5;
if n < 0 {
    print!("{} is negative", n);
} else if n > 0 {
    print!("{} is positive", n);
} else {
    print!("{} is zero", n);
}
```

#### match

```rust
match number {
    // Match a single value
    1 => println!("One!"),
    // Match several values
    2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 11 => println!("This is a prime"),
    // TODO ^ Try adding 13 to the list of prime values
    // Match an inclusive range
    13..=19 => println!("A teen"),
    // Handle the rest of cases
    _ => println!("Ain't special"),
}

let boolean = true;
// Match is an expression too
let binary = match boolean {
    // The arms of a match must cover all the possible values
    false => 0,
    true => 1,
    // TODO ^ Try commenting out one of these arms
};
```

#### loop (infinite)

```rust
loop {
    count += 1;
    if count == 3 {
        println!("three");
        continue;
    }
    println!("{}", count);
    if count == 5 {
        println!("OK, that's enough");
        break;
    }
}
```

#### while

```rust
let mut n = 1;
while n < 101 {
    if n % 15 == 0 {
        println!("fizzbuzz");
    } else if n % 5 == 0 {
        println!("buzz");
    } else {
        println!("{}", n);
    }
    n += 1;
}
```

#### for

```rust
for n in 1..101 {
    if n % 15 == 0 {
        println!("fizzbuzz");
    } else {
        println!("{}", n);
    }
}

// Use "..=" to make inclusive both ends
for n in 1..=100 {
    if n % 15 == 0 {
        println!("fizzbuzz");
    } else if n % 3 == 0 {
        println!("fizz");
    } else if n % 5 == 0 {
        println!("buzz");
    } else {
        println!("{}", n);
    }
}

// ITERATIONS

let names = vec!["Bob", "Frank", "Ferris"];
//iter - Doesn't consume the collection
for name in names.iter() {
    match name {
        &"Ferris" => println!("There is a rustacean among us!"),
        _ => println!("Hello {}", name),
    }
}
//into_iter - COnsumes the collection
for name in names.into_iter() {
    match name {
        "Ferris" => println!("There is a rustacean among us!"),
        _ => println!("Hello {}", name),
    }
}
//iter_mut - This mutably borrows each element of the collection
for name in names.iter_mut() {
    *name = match name {
        &mut "Ferris" => "There is a rustacean among us!",
        _ => "Hello",
    }
}
```

#### if let

```rust
let optional_word = Some(String::from("rustlings"));
if let word = optional_word {
    println!("The word is: {}", word);
} else {
    println!("The optional word doesn't contain anything");
}
```

#### while let

```rust
let mut optional = Some(0);
// This reads: "while `let` destructures `optional` into
// `Some(i)`, evaluate the block (`{}`). Else `break`.
while let Some(i) = optional {
    if i > 9 {
        println!("Greater than 9, quit!");
        optional = None;
    } else {
        println!("`i` is `{:?}`. Try again.", i);
        optional = Some(i + 1);
    }
    // ^ Less rightward drift and doesn't require
    // explicitly handling the failing case.
}
```

### Traits

Create a new method for a type

```rust
trait AppendBar {
    fn append_bar(self) -> Self;
}

impl AppendBar for String {
    fn append_bar(self) -> Self{
        format!("{}Bar", self)
    }
}

let s = String::from("Foo");
let s = s.append_bar();
println!("s: {}", s);
```

### Tests

```rust
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    #[test]
    fn you_can_assert() {
        assert!(true);
        assert_eq!(true, true);
        assert_ne!(true, false);
    }
}
```

### Threading

#### Arc

An Arc can use Clone to create more references over the object to pass them to the threads. When the last reference pointer to a value is out of scope, the variable is dropped.

```rust
use std::sync::Arc;
let apple = Arc::new("the same apple");
for _ in 0..10 {
    let apple = Arc::clone(&apple);
    thread::spawn(move || {
        println!("{:?}", apple);
    });
}
```

#### Threads

In this case we will pass the thread a variable it will be able to modify

```rust
fn main() {
    let status = Arc::new(Mutex::new(JobStatus { jobs_completed: 0 }));
    let status_shared = Arc::clone(&status);
    thread::spawn(move || {
        for _ in 0..10 {
            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(250));
            let mut status = status_shared.lock().unwrap();
            status.jobs_completed += 1;
        }
    });
    while status.lock().unwrap().jobs_completed < 10 {
        println!("waiting... ");
        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
    }
}
```