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497 lines
30 KiB
Markdown
# macOS Apps - Inspecting, debugging and Fuzzing
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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## Static Analysis
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### otool
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```bash
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otool -L /bin/ls #List dynamically linked libraries
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otool -tv /bin/ps #Decompile application
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```
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### objdump
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```bash
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objdump -m --dylibs-used /bin/ls #List dynamically linked libraries
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objdump -m -h /bin/ls # Get headers information
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objdump -m --syms /bin/ls # Check if the symbol table exists to get function names
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objdump -m --full-contents /bin/ls # Dump every section
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objdump -d /bin/ls # Dissasemble the binary
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```
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### jtool2
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The tool can be used as a **replacement** for **codesign**, **otool**, and **objdump**, and provides a few additional features.
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```bash
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# Install
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brew install --cask jtool2
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jtool2 -l /bin/ls # Get commands (headers)
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jtool2 -L /bin/ls # Get libraries
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jtool2 -S /bin/ls # Get symbol info
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jtool2 -d /bin/ls # Dump binary
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jtool2 -D /bin/ls # Decompile binary
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# Get signature information
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ARCH=x86_64 jtool2 --sig /System/Applications/Automator.app/Contents/MacOS/Automator
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```
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### Codesign
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```bash
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# Get signer
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codesign -vv -d /bin/ls 2>&1 | grep -E "Authority|TeamIdentifier"
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# Check if the app’s contents have been modified
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codesign --verify --verbose /Applications/Safari.app
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# Get entitlements from the binary
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codesign -d --entitlements :- /System/Applications/Automator.app # Check the TCC perms
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# Check if the signature is valid
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spctl --assess --verbose /Applications/Safari.app
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# Sign a binary
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codesign -s <cert-name-keychain> toolsdemo
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```
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### SuspiciousPackage
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[**SuspiciousPackage**](https://mothersruin.com/software/SuspiciousPackage/get.html) is a tool useful to inspect **.pkg** files (installers) and see what is inside before installing it.\
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These installers have `preinstall` and `postinstall` bash scripts that malware authors usually abuse to **persist** **the** **malware**.
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### hdiutil
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This tool allows to **mount** Apple disk images (**.dmg**) files to inspect them before running anything:
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```bash
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hdiutil attach ~/Downloads/Firefox\ 58.0.2.dmg
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```
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It will be mounted in `/Volumes`
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### Objective-C
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#### Metadata
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{% hint style="danger" %}
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Note that programs written in Objective-C **retain** their class declarations **when** **compiled** into [Mach-O binaries](../macos-files-folders-and-binaries/universal-binaries-and-mach-o-format.md). Such class declarations **include** the name and type of:
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{% endhint %}
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* The class
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* The class methods
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* The class instance variables
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You can get this information using [**class-dump**](https://github.com/nygard/class-dump):
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```bash
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class-dump Kindle.app
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```
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Note that this names could be obfuscated to make the reversing of the binary more difficult.
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#### Function calling
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When a function is called in a binary that uses objective-C, the compiled code instead of calling that function, it will call **`objc_msgSend`**. Which will be calling the final function:
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.png>)
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The params this function expects are:
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* The first parameter (**self**) is "a pointer that points to the **instance of the class that is to receive the message**". Or more simply put, it’s the object that the method is being invoked upon. If the method is a class method, this will be an instance of the class object (as a whole), whereas for an instance method, self will point to an instantiated instance of the class as an object.
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* The second parameter, (**op**), is "the selector of the method that handles the message". Again, more simply put, this is just the **name of the method.**
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* The remaining parameters are any **values that are required by the method** (op).
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| **Argument** | **Register** | **(for) objc\_msgSend** |
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| ----------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ |
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| **1st argument** | **rdi** | **self: object that the method is being invoked upon** |
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| **2nd argument** | **rsi** | **op: name of the method** |
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| **3rd argument** | **rdx** | **1st argument to the method** |
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| **4th argument** | **rcx** | **2nd argument to the method** |
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| **5th argument** | **r8** | **3rd argument to the method** |
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| **6th argument** | **r9** | **4th argument to the method** |
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| **7th+ argument** | <p><strong>rsp+</strong><br><strong>(on the stack)</strong></p> | **5th+ argument to the method** |
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### Swift
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With Swift binaries, since there is Objective-C compatibility, sometimes you can extract declarations using [class-dump](https://github.com/nygard/class-dump/) but not always.
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With the **`jtool -l`** or **`otool -l`** command lines it's possible ti find several sections that start with **`__swift5`** prefix:
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```bash
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jtool2 -l /Applications/Stocks.app/Contents/MacOS/Stocks
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LC 00: LC_SEGMENT_64 Mem: 0x000000000-0x100000000 __PAGEZERO
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LC 01: LC_SEGMENT_64 Mem: 0x100000000-0x100028000 __TEXT
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[...]
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Mem: 0x100026630-0x100026d54 __TEXT.__swift5_typeref
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Mem: 0x100026d60-0x100027061 __TEXT.__swift5_reflstr
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Mem: 0x100027064-0x1000274cc __TEXT.__swift5_fieldmd
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Mem: 0x1000274cc-0x100027608 __TEXT.__swift5_capture
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[...]
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```
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You can find further information about the [**information stored in these section in this blog post**](https://knight.sc/reverse%20engineering/2019/07/17/swift-metadata.html).
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### Packed binaries
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* Check for high entropy
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* Check the strings (is there is almost no understandable string, packed)
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* The UPX packer for MacOS generates a section called "\_\_XHDR"
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## Dynamic Analysis
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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Note that in order to debug binaries, **SIP needs to be disabled** (`csrutil disable` or `csrutil enable --without debug`) or to copy the binaries to a temporary folder and **remove the signature** with `codesign --remove-signature <binary-path>` or allow the debugging of the binary (you can use [this script](https://gist.github.com/carlospolop/a66b8d72bb8f43913c4b5ae45672578b))
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{% endhint %}
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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Note that in order to **instrument system binaries**, (such as `cloudconfigurationd`) on macOS, **SIP must be disabled** (just removing the signature won't work).
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{% endhint %}
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### Unified Logs
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MacOS generates a lot of logs that can be very useful when running an application trying to understand **what is it doing**.
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Moreover, the are some logs that will contain the tag `<private>` to **hide** some **user** or **computer** **identifiable** information. However, it's possible to **install a certificate to disclose this information**. Follow the explanations from [**here**](https://superuser.com/questions/1532031/how-to-show-private-data-in-macos-unified-log).
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### Hopper
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#### Left panel
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In the left panel of hopper it's possible to see the symbols (**Labels**) of the binary, the list of procedures and functions (**Proc**) and the strings (**Str**). Those aren't all the strings but the ones defined in several parts of the Mac-O file (like _cstring or_ `objc_methname`).
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#### Middle panel
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In the middle panel you can see the **dissasembled code**. And you can see it a **raw** disassemble, as **graph**, as **decompiled** and as **binary** by clicking on the respective icon:
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (6).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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Right clicking in a code object you can see **references to/from that object** or even change its name (this doesn't work in decompiled pseudocode):
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (2).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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Moreover, in the **middle down you can write python commands**.
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#### Right panel
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In the right panel you can see interesting information such as the **navigation history** (so you know how you arrived at the current situation), the **call grap**h where you can see all the **functions that call this function** and all the functions that **this function calls**, and **local variables** information.
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### dtruss
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```bash
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dtruss -c ls #Get syscalls of ls
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dtruss -c -p 1000 #get syscalls of PID 1000
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```
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### ktrace
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You can use this one even with **SIP activated**
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```bash
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ktrace trace -s -S -t c -c ls | grep "ls("
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```
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### dtrace
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It allows users access to applications at an extremely **low level** and provides a way for users to **trace** **programs** and even change their execution flow. Dtrace uses **probes** which are **placed throughout the kernel** and are at locations such as the beginning and end of system calls.
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DTrace uses the **`dtrace_probe_create`** function to create a probe for each system call. These probes can be fired in the **entry and exit point of each system call**. The interaction with DTrace occur through /dev/dtrace which is only available for the root user.
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The available probes of dtrace can be obtained with:
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```bash
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dtrace -l | head
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ID PROVIDER MODULE FUNCTION NAME
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1 dtrace BEGIN
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2 dtrace END
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3 dtrace ERROR
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43 profile profile-97
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44 profile profile-199
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```
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The probe name consists of four parts: the provider, module, function, and name (`fbt:mach_kernel:ptrace:entry`). If you not specifies some part of the name, Dtrace will apply that part as a wildcard.
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To configure DTrace to activate probes and to specify what actions to perform when they fire, we will need to use the D language.
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A more detailed explanation and more examples can be found in [https://illumos.org/books/dtrace/chp-intro.html](https://illumos.org/books/dtrace/chp-intro.html)
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#### Examples
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Run `man -k dtrace` to list the **DTrace scripts available**. Example: `sudo dtruss -n binary`
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* In line
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```bash
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#Count the number of syscalls of each running process
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sudo dtrace -n 'syscall:::entry {@[execname] = count()}'
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```
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* script
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```bash
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syscall:::entry
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/pid == $1/
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{
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}
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#Log every syscall of a PID
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sudo dtrace -s script.d 1234
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```
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```bash
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syscall::open:entry
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{
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printf("%s(%s)", probefunc, copyinstr(arg0));
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}
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syscall::close:entry
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{
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printf("%s(%d)\n", probefunc, arg0);
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}
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#Log files opened and closed by a process
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sudo dtrace -s b.d -c "cat /etc/hosts"
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```
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```bash
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syscall:::entry
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{
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;
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}
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syscall:::return
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{
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printf("=%d\n", arg1);
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}
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#Log sys calls with values
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sudo dtrace -s syscalls_info.d -c "cat /etc/hosts"
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```
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### ProcessMonitor
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[**ProcessMonitor**](https://objective-see.com/products/utilities.html#ProcessMonitor) is a very useful tool to check the process related actions a process is performing (for example, monitor which new processes a process is creating).
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### FileMonitor
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[**FileMonitor**](https://objective-see.com/products/utilities.html#FileMonitor) allows to monitor file events (such as creation, modifications, and deletions) providing detailed information about such events.
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### fs\_usage
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Allows to follow actions performed by processes:
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```bash
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fs_usage -w -f filesys ls #This tracks filesystem actions of proccess names containing ls
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fs_usage -w -f network curl #This tracks network actions
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```
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### TaskExplorer
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[**Taskexplorer**](https://objective-see.com/products/taskexplorer.html) is useful to see the **libraries** used by a binary, the **files** it's using and the **network** connections.\
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It also checks the binary processes against **virustotal** and show information about the binary.
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## PT\_DENY\_ATTACH <a href="#page-title" id="page-title"></a>
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In [**this blog post**](https://knight.sc/debugging/2019/06/03/debugging-apple-binaries-that-use-pt-deny-attach.html) you can find an example about how to **debug a running daemon** that used **`PT_DENY_ATTACH`** to prevent debugging even if SIP was disabled.
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### lldb
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**lldb** is the de **facto tool** for **macOS** binary **debugging**.
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```bash
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lldb ./malware.bin
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lldb -p 1122
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lldb -n malware.bin
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lldb -n malware.bin --waitfor
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```
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| **(lldb) Command** | **Description** |
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| ----------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **run (r)** | Starting execution, which will continue unabated until a breakpoint is hit or the process terminates. |
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| **continue (c)** | Continue execution of the debugged process. |
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| **nexti (n / ni)** | Execute the next instruction. This command will skip over function calls. |
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| **stepi (s / si)** | Execute the next instruction. Unlike the nexti command, this command will step into function calls. |
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| **finish (f)** | Execute the rest of the instructions in the current function (“frame”) return and halt. |
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| **control + c** | Pause execution. If the process has been run (r) or continued (c), this will cause the process to halt ...wherever it is currently executing. |
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| **breakpoint (b)** | <p>b main</p><p>b -[NSDictionary objectForKey:]</p><p>b 0x0000000100004bd9</p><p>br l #Breakpoint list</p><p>br e/dis <num> #Enable/Disable breakpoint</p><p>breakpoint delete <num><br>b set -n main --shlib <lib_name></p> |
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| **help** | <p>help breakpoint #Get help of breakpoint command</p><p>help memory write #Get help to write into the memory</p> |
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| **reg** | <p>reg read</p><p>reg read $rax</p><p>reg write $rip 0x100035cc0</p> |
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| **x/s \<reg/memory address>** | Display the memory as a null-terminated string. |
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| **x/i \<reg/memory address>** | Display the memory as assembly instruction. |
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| **x/b \<reg/memory address>** | Display the memory as byte. |
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| **print object (po)** | <p>This will print the object referenced by the param</p><p>po $raw</p><p><code>{</code></p><p><code>dnsChanger = {</code></p><p><code>"affiliate" = "";</code></p><p><code>"blacklist_dns" = ();</code></p><p>Note that most of Apple’s Objective-C APIs or methods return objects, and thus should be displayed via the “print object” (po) command. If po doesn't produce a meaningful output use <code>x/b</code></p> |
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| **memory** | <p>memory read 0x000....<br>memory read $x0+0xf2a<br>memory write 0x100600000 -s 4 0x41414141 #Write AAAA in that address<br>memory write -f s $rip+0x11f+7 "AAAA" #Write AAAA in the addr</p> |
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| **disassembly** | <p>dis #Disas current function<br>dis -c 6 #Disas 6 lines<br>dis -c 0x100003764 -e 0x100003768 # From one add until the other<br>dis -p -c 4 # Start in current address disassembling</p> |
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| **parray** | parray 3 (char \*\*)$x1 # Check array of 3 components in x1 reg |
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{% hint style="info" %}
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When calling the **`objc_sendMsg`** function, the **rsi** register holds the **name of the method** as a null-terminated (“C”) string. To print the name via lldb do:
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`(lldb) x/s $rsi: 0x1000f1576: "startMiningWithPort:password:coreCount:slowMemory:currency:"`
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`(lldb) print (char*)$rsi:`\
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`(char *) $1 = 0x00000001000f1576 "startMiningWithPort:password:coreCount:slowMemory:currency:"`
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`(lldb) reg read $rsi: rsi = 0x00000001000f1576 "startMiningWithPort:password:coreCount:slowMemory:currency:"`
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{% endhint %}
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### Anti-Dynamic Analysis
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#### VM detection
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* The command **`sysctl hw.model`** returns "Mac" when the **host is a MacOS** but something different when it's a VM.
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* Playing with the values of **`hw.logicalcpu`** and **`hw.physicalcpu`** some malwares try to detect if it's a VM.
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* Some malwares can also **detect** if the machine is **VMware** based on the MAC address (00:50:56).
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* It's also possible to find **if a process is being debugged** with a simple code such us:
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* `if(P_TRACED == (info.kp_proc.p_flag & P_TRACED)){ //process being debugged }`
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* It can also invoke the **`ptrace`** system call with the **`PT_DENY_ATTACH`** flag. This **prevents** a deb**u**gger from attaching and tracing.
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* You can check if the **`sysctl`** or **`ptrace`** function is being **imported** (but the malware could import it dynamically)
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* As noted in this writeup, “[Defeating Anti-Debug Techniques: macOS ptrace variants](https://alexomara.com/blog/defeating-anti-debug-techniques-macos-ptrace-variants/)” :\
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“_The message Process # exited with **status = 45 (0x0000002d)** is usually a tell-tale sign that the debug target is using **PT\_DENY\_ATTACH**_”
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## Fuzzing
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### [ReportCrash](https://ss64.com/osx/reportcrash.html)
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ReportCrash **analyzes crashing processes and saves a crash report to disk**. A crash report contains information that can **help a developer diagnose** the cause of a crash.\
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For applications and other processes **running in the per-user launchd context**, ReportCrash runs as a LaunchAgent and saves crash reports in the user's `~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/`\
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For daemons, other processes **running in the system launchd context** and other privileged processes, ReportCrash runs as a LaunchDaemon and saves crash reports in the system's `/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports`
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If you are worried about crash reports **being sent to Apple** you can disable them. If not, crash reports can be useful to **figure out how a server crashed**.
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```bash
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#To disable crash reporting:
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launchctl unload -w /System/Library/LaunchAgents/com.apple.ReportCrash.plist
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sudo launchctl unload -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.ReportCrash.Root.plist
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#To re-enable crash reporting:
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launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchAgents/com.apple.ReportCrash.plist
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sudo launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.ReportCrash.Root.plist
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```
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### Sleep
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While fuzzing in a MacOS it's important to not allow the Mac to sleep:
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* systemsetup -setsleep Never
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||
* pmset, System Preferences
|
||
* [KeepingYouAwake](https://github.com/newmarcel/KeepingYouAwake)
|
||
|
||
#### SSH Disconnect
|
||
|
||
If you are fuzzing via a SSH connection it's important to make sure the session isn't going to day. So change the sshd\_config file with:
|
||
|
||
* TCPKeepAlive Yes
|
||
* ClientAliveInterval 0
|
||
* ClientAliveCountMax 0
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sudo launchctl unload /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ssh.plist
|
||
sudo launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ssh.plist
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Internal Handlers
|
||
|
||
**Checkout the following page** to find out how you can find which app is responsible of **handling the specified scheme or protocol:**
|
||
|
||
{% content-ref url="../macos-file-extension-apps.md" %}
|
||
[macos-file-extension-apps.md](../macos-file-extension-apps.md)
|
||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||
|
||
### Enumerating Network Processes
|
||
|
||
This interesting to find processes that are managing network data:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
dtrace -n 'syscall::recv*:entry { printf("-> %s (pid=%d)", execname, pid); }' >> recv.log
|
||
#wait some time
|
||
sort -u recv.log > procs.txt
|
||
cat procs.txt
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Or use `netstat` or `lsof`
|
||
|
||
### Libgmalloc
|
||
|
||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/Pasted Graphic 14.png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||
|
||
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
|
||
```bash
|
||
lldb -o "target create `which some-binary`" -o "settings set target.env-vars DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=/usr/lib/libgmalloc.dylib" -o "run arg1 arg2" -o "bt" -o "reg read" -o "dis -s \$pc-32 -c 24 -m -F intel" -o "quit"
|
||
```
|
||
{% endcode %}
|
||
|
||
### Fuzzers
|
||
|
||
#### [AFL++](https://github.com/AFLplusplus/AFLplusplus)
|
||
|
||
Works for CLI tools
|
||
|
||
#### [Litefuzz](https://github.com/sec-tools/litefuzz)
|
||
|
||
It "**just works"** with macOS GUI tools. Note some some macOS apps have some specific requirements like unique filenames, the right extension, need to read the files from the sandbox (`~/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari/Data`)...
|
||
|
||
Some examples:
|
||
|
||
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
|
||
```bash
|
||
# iBooks
|
||
litefuzz -l -c "/System/Applications/Books.app/Contents/MacOS/Books FUZZ" -i files/epub -o crashes/ibooks -t /Users/test/Library/Containers/com.apple.iBooksX/Data/tmp -x 10 -n 100000 -ez
|
||
|
||
# -l : Local
|
||
# -c : cmdline with FUZZ word (if not stdin is used)
|
||
# -i : input directory or file
|
||
# -o : Dir to output crashes
|
||
# -t : Dir to output runtime fuzzing artifacts
|
||
# -x : Tmeout for the run (default is 1)
|
||
# -n : Num of fuzzing iterations (default is 1)
|
||
# -e : enable second round fuzzing where any crashes found are reused as inputs
|
||
# -z : enable malloc debug helpers
|
||
|
||
# Font Book
|
||
litefuzz -l -c "/System/Applications/Font Book.app/Contents/MacOS/Font Book FUZZ" -i input/fonts -o crashes/font-book -x 2 -n 500000 -ez
|
||
|
||
# smbutil (using pcap capture)
|
||
litefuzz -lk -c "smbutil view smb://localhost:4455" -a tcp://localhost:4455 -i input/mac-smb-resp -p -n 100000 -z
|
||
|
||
# screensharingd (using pcap capture)
|
||
litefuzz -s -a tcp://localhost:5900 -i input/screenshared-session --reportcrash screensharingd -p -n 100000
|
||
```
|
||
{% endcode %}
|
||
|
||
### More Fuzzing MacOS Info
|
||
|
||
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5xfL9tEg44](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5xfL9tEg44)
|
||
* [https://github.com/bnagy/slides/blob/master/OSXScale.pdf](https://github.com/bnagy/slides/blob/master/OSXScale.pdf)
|
||
* [https://github.com/bnagy/francis/tree/master/exploitaben](https://github.com/bnagy/francis/tree/master/exploitaben)
|
||
* [https://github.com/ant4g0nist/crashwrangler](https://github.com/ant4g0nist/crashwrangler)
|
||
|
||
## References
|
||
|
||
* [**OS X Incident Response: Scripting and Analysis**](https://www.amazon.com/OS-Incident-Response-Scripting-Analysis-ebook/dp/B01FHOHHVS)
|
||
* [**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5xfL9tEg44**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5xfL9tEg44)
|
||
* [**https://taomm.org/vol1/analysis.html**](https://taomm.org/vol1/analysis.html)
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
|
||
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
||
|
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|
||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
|
||
|
||
</details>
|