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103 lines
9 KiB
Markdown
103 lines
9 KiB
Markdown
# macOS System Extensions
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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</details>
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## System Extensions / Endpoint Security Framework
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Unlike Kernel Extensions, **System Extensions run in user space** instead of kernel space, reducing the risk of a system crash due to extension malfunction.
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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There are three types of system extensions: **DriverKit** Extensions, **Network** Extensions, and **Endpoint Security** Extensions.
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### **DriverKit Extensions**
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DriverKit is a replacement for kernel extensions that **provide hardware support**. It allows device drivers (like USB, Serial, NIC, and HID drivers) to run in user space rather than kernel space. The DriverKit framework includes **user space versions of certain I/O Kit classes**, and the kernel forwards normal I/O Kit events to user space, offering a safer environment for these drivers to run.
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### **Network Extensions**
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Network Extensions provide the ability to customize network behaviors. There are several types of Network Extensions:
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* **App Proxy**: This is used for creating a VPN client that implements a flow-oriented, custom VPN protocol. This means it handles network traffic based on connections (or flows) rather than individual packets.
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* **Packet Tunnel**: This is used for creating a VPN client that implements a packet-oriented, custom VPN protocol. This means it handles network traffic based on individual packets.
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* **Filter Data**: This is used for filtering network "flows". It can monitor or modify network data at the flow level.
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* **Filter Packet**: This is used for filtering individual network packets. It can monitor or modify network data at the packet level.
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* **DNS Proxy**: This is used for creating a custom DNS provider. It can be used to monitor or modify DNS requests and responses.
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## Endpoint Security Framework
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Endpoint Security is a framework provided by Apple in macOS that provides a set of APIs for system security. It's intended for use by **security vendors and developers to build products that can monitor and control system activity** to identify and protect against malicious activity.
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This framework provides a **collection of APIs to monitor and control system activity**, such as process executions, file system events, network and kernel events.
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The core of this framework is implemented in the kernel, as a Kernel Extension (KEXT) located at **`/System/Library/Extensions/EndpointSecurity.kext`**. This KEXT is made up of several key components:
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* **EndpointSecurityDriver**: This acts as the "entry point" for the kernel extension. It's the main point of interaction between the OS and the Endpoint Security framework.
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* **EndpointSecurityEventManager**: This component is responsible for implementing kernel hooks. Kernel hooks allow the framework to monitor system events by intercepting system calls.
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* **EndpointSecurityClientManager**: This manages the communication with user space clients, keeping track of which clients are connected and need to receive event notifications.
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* **EndpointSecurityMessageManager**: This sends messages and event notifications to user space clients.
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The events that the Endpoint Security framework can monitor are categorized into:
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* File events
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* Process events
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* Socket events
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* Kernel events (such as loading/unloading a kernel extension or opening an I/O Kit device)
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### Endpoint Security Framework Architecture
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (8).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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**User-space communication** with the Endpoint Security framework happens through the IOUserClient class. Two different subclasses are used, depending on the type of caller:
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* **EndpointSecurityDriverClient**: This requires the `com.apple.private.endpoint-security.manager` entitlement, which is only held by the system process `endpointsecurityd`.
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* **EndpointSecurityExternalClient**: This requires the `com.apple.developer.endpoint-security.client` entitlement. This would typically be used by third-party security software that needs to interact with the Endpoint Security framework.
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The Endpoint Security Extensions:**`libEndpointSecurity.dylib`** is the C library that system extensions use to communicate with the kernel. This library uses the I/O Kit (`IOKit`) to communicate with the Endpoint Security KEXT.
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**`endpointsecurityd`** is a key system daemon involved in managing and launching endpoint security system extensions, particularly during the early boot process. **Only system extensions** marked with **`NSEndpointSecurityEarlyBoot`** in their `Info.plist` file receive this early boot treatment.
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Another system daemon, **`sysextd`**, **validates system extensions** and moves them into the proper system locations. It then asks the relevant daemon to load the extension. The **`SystemExtensions.framework`** is responsible for activating and deactivating system extensions.
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## Bypassing ESF
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ESF is used by security tools that will try to detect a red teamer, so any information about how this could be avoided sounds interesting.
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### CVE-2021-30965
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The thing is that the security application needs to have **Full Disk Access permissions**. So if an attacker could remove that, he could prevent the software from running:
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```bash
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tccutil reset All
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```
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For **more information** about this bypass and related ones check the talk [#OBTS v5.0: "The Achilles Heel of EndpointSecurity" - Fitzl Csaba](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQO7tvNCoTI)
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At the end this was fixed by giving the new permission **`kTCCServiceEndpointSecurityClient`** to the security app managed by **`tccd`** so `tccutil` won't clear its permissions preventing it from running.
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## References
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* [**OBTS v3.0: "Endpoint Security & Insecurity" - Scott Knight**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jaVkpM1UqOs)
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* [**https://knight.sc/reverse%20engineering/2019/08/24/system-extension-internals.html**](https://knight.sc/reverse%20engineering/2019/08/24/system-extension-internals.html)
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
|
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
|
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
|
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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