hacktricks/binary-exploitation/libc-heap/heap-memory-functions/free.md

# free

{% hint style="success" %}
学习并练习AWS黑客技术：<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks培训AWS红队专家（ARTE）**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
学习并练习GCP黑客技术：<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks培训GCP红队专家（GRTE）**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)

<details>

<summary>支持HackTricks</summary>

* 检查[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* **加入** 💬 [**Discord群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**电报群组**](https://t.me/peass) 或 **关注**我们的**Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* 通过向[**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)和[**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github仓库提交PR来分享黑客技巧。

</details>
{% endhint %}

## Free函数总结 <a href="#libc_free" id="libc_free"></a>

（本摘要未解释任何检查，并为简洁起见省略了一些情况）

1. 如果地址为null，则不执行任何操作
2. 如果块是mmaped，则解除映射并完成
3. 调用`_int_free`：
   1. 如果可能，将块添加到tcache
   2. 如果可能，将块添加到快速bin
   3. 调用`_int_free_merge_chunk`以合并块（如果需要）并将其添加到未排序列表

## \_\_libc\_free <a href="#libc_free" id="libc_free"></a>

`Free`调用`__libc_free`。

* 如果传递的地址为Null（0），则不执行任何操作。
* 检查指针标签
* 如果块是`mmaped`，则解除映射并完成
* 如果不是，则添加颜色并调用`_int_free`。
```c
void
__libc_free (void *mem)
{
mstate ar_ptr;
mchunkptr p;                          /* chunk corresponding to mem */

if (mem == 0)                              /* free(0) has no effect */
return;

/* Quickly check that the freed pointer matches the tag for the memory.
This gives a useful double-free detection.  */
if (__glibc_unlikely (mtag_enabled))
*(volatile char *)mem;

int err = errno;

p = mem2chunk (mem);

if (chunk_is_mmapped (p))                       /* release mmapped memory. */
{
/* See if the dynamic brk/mmap threshold needs adjusting.
Dumped fake mmapped chunks do not affect the threshold.  */
if (!mp_.no_dyn_threshold
&& chunksize_nomask (p) > mp_.mmap_threshold
&& chunksize_nomask (p) <= DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD_MAX)
{
mp_.mmap_threshold = chunksize (p);
mp_.trim_threshold = 2 * mp_.mmap_threshold;
LIBC_PROBE (memory_mallopt_free_dyn_thresholds, 2,
mp_.mmap_threshold, mp_.trim_threshold);
}
munmap_chunk (p);
}
else
{
MAYBE_INIT_TCACHE ();

/* Mark the chunk as belonging to the library again.  */
(void)tag_region (chunk2mem (p), memsize (p));

ar_ptr = arena_for_chunk (p);
_int_free (ar_ptr, p, 0);
}

__set_errno (err);
}
libc_hidden_def (__libc_free)
```
</details>

## \_int\_free <a href="#int_free" id="int_free"></a>

### \_int\_free 开始 <a href="#int_free" id="int_free"></a>

它从一些检查开始，确保：

* **指针**是**对齐**的，否则会触发错误 `free(): invalid pointer`
* **大小**不小于最小值，并且**大小**也是**对齐**的，否则会触发错误：`free(): invalid size`

<details>

<summary>_int_free start</summary>
```c
// From https://github.com/bminor/glibc/blob/f942a732d37a96217ef828116ebe64a644db18d7/malloc/malloc.c#L4493C1-L4513C28

#define aligned_OK(m) (((unsigned long) (m) &MALLOC_ALIGN_MASK) == 0)

static void
_int_free (mstate av, mchunkptr p, int have_lock)
{
INTERNAL_SIZE_T size;        /* its size */
mfastbinptr *fb;             /* associated fastbin */

size = chunksize (p);

/* Little security check which won't hurt performance: the
allocator never wraps around at the end of the address space.
Therefore we can exclude some size values which might appear
here by accident or by "design" from some intruder.  */
if (__builtin_expect ((uintptr_t) p > (uintptr_t) -size, 0)
|| __builtin_expect (misaligned_chunk (p), 0))
malloc_printerr ("free(): invalid pointer");
/* We know that each chunk is at least MINSIZE bytes in size or a
multiple of MALLOC_ALIGNMENT.  */
if (__glibc_unlikely (size < MINSIZE || !aligned_OK (size)))
malloc_printerr ("free(): invalid size");

check_inuse_chunk(av, p);
```
</details>

### \_int\_free tcache <a href="#int_free" id="int_free"></a>

首先，它将尝试在相关的 tcache 中分配此块。但是，先前执行了一些检查。它将循环遍历与释放的块相同索引的 tcache 的所有块，并执行以下操作：

- 如果条目数超过 `mp_.tcache_count`：`free(): too many chunks detected in tcache`
- 如果条目未对齐：`free(): unaligned chunk detected in tcache 2`
- 如果已释放的块已在 tcache 中作为块存在：`free(): double free detected in tcache 2`

如果一切顺利，该块将被添加到 tcache 中，并返回函数。
```c
// From https://github.com/bminor/glibc/blob/f942a732d37a96217ef828116ebe64a644db18d7/malloc/malloc.c#L4515C1-L4554C7
#if USE_TCACHE
{
size_t tc_idx = csize2tidx (size);
if (tcache != NULL && tc_idx < mp_.tcache_bins)
{
/* Check to see if it's already in the tcache.  */
tcache_entry *e = (tcache_entry *) chunk2mem (p);

/* This test succeeds on double free.  However, we don't 100%
trust it (it also matches random payload data at a 1 in
2^<size_t> chance), so verify it's not an unlikely
coincidence before aborting.  */
if (__glibc_unlikely (e->key == tcache_key))
{
tcache_entry *tmp;
size_t cnt = 0;
LIBC_PROBE (memory_tcache_double_free, 2, e, tc_idx);
for (tmp = tcache->entries[tc_idx];
tmp;
tmp = REVEAL_PTR (tmp->next), ++cnt)
{
if (cnt >= mp_.tcache_count)
malloc_printerr ("free(): too many chunks detected in tcache");
if (__glibc_unlikely (!aligned_OK (tmp)))
malloc_printerr ("free(): unaligned chunk detected in tcache 2");
if (tmp == e)
malloc_printerr ("free(): double free detected in tcache 2");
/* If we get here, it was a coincidence.  We've wasted a
few cycles, but don't abort.  */
}
}

if (tcache->counts[tc_idx] < mp_.tcache_count)
{
tcache_put (p, tc_idx);
return;
}
}
}
#endif
```
</details>

### \_int\_free 快速分配区 <a href="#int_free" id="int_free"></a>

首先检查大小是否适合快速分配区，并检查是否可能将其设置为接近顶部块。

然后，在执行一些检查的同时，将释放的块添加到快速分配区的顶部：

- 如果块的大小无效（太大或太小），触发：`free(): invalid next size (fast)`
- 如果添加的块已经是快速分配区的顶部：`double free or corruption (fasttop)`
- 如果顶部的块大小与我们正在添加的块的大小不同：`invalid fastbin entry (free)`
```c
// From https://github.com/bminor/glibc/blob/f942a732d37a96217ef828116ebe64a644db18d7/malloc/malloc.c#L4556C2-L4631C4

/*
If eligible, place chunk on a fastbin so it can be found
and used quickly in malloc.
*/

if ((unsigned long)(size) <= (unsigned long)(get_max_fast ())

#if TRIM_FASTBINS
/*
If TRIM_FASTBINS set, don't place chunks
bordering top into fastbins
*/
&& (chunk_at_offset(p, size) != av->top)
#endif
) {

if (__builtin_expect (chunksize_nomask (chunk_at_offset (p, size))
<= CHUNK_HDR_SZ, 0)
|| __builtin_expect (chunksize (chunk_at_offset (p, size))
>= av->system_mem, 0))
{
bool fail = true;
/* We might not have a lock at this point and concurrent modifications
of system_mem might result in a false positive.  Redo the test after
getting the lock.  */
if (!have_lock)
{
__libc_lock_lock (av->mutex);
fail = (chunksize_nomask (chunk_at_offset (p, size)) <= CHUNK_HDR_SZ
|| chunksize (chunk_at_offset (p, size)) >= av->system_mem);
__libc_lock_unlock (av->mutex);
}

if (fail)
malloc_printerr ("free(): invalid next size (fast)");
}

free_perturb (chunk2mem(p), size - CHUNK_HDR_SZ);

atomic_store_relaxed (&av->have_fastchunks, true);
unsigned int idx = fastbin_index(size);
fb = &fastbin (av, idx);

/* Atomically link P to its fastbin: P->FD = *FB; *FB = P;  */
mchunkptr old = *fb, old2;

if (SINGLE_THREAD_P)
{
/* Check that the top of the bin is not the record we are going to
add (i.e., double free).  */
if (__builtin_expect (old == p, 0))
malloc_printerr ("double free or corruption (fasttop)");
p->fd = PROTECT_PTR (&p->fd, old);
*fb = p;
}
else
do
{
/* Check that the top of the bin is not the record we are going to
add (i.e., double free).  */
if (__builtin_expect (old == p, 0))
malloc_printerr ("double free or corruption (fasttop)");
old2 = old;
p->fd = PROTECT_PTR (&p->fd, old);
}
while ((old = catomic_compare_and_exchange_val_rel (fb, p, old2))
!= old2);

/* Check that size of fastbin chunk at the top is the same as
size of the chunk that we are adding.  We can dereference OLD
only if we have the lock, otherwise it might have already been
allocated again.  */
if (have_lock && old != NULL
&& __builtin_expect (fastbin_index (chunksize (old)) != idx, 0))
malloc_printerr ("invalid fastbin entry (free)");
}
```
### \_int\_free 最终步骤 <a href="#int_free" id="int_free"></a>

如果块尚未分配到任何 bin 上，则调用 `_int_free_merge_chunk`。
```c
/*
Consolidate other non-mmapped chunks as they arrive.
*/

else if (!chunk_is_mmapped(p)) {

/* If we're single-threaded, don't lock the arena.  */
if (SINGLE_THREAD_P)
have_lock = true;

if (!have_lock)
__libc_lock_lock (av->mutex);

_int_free_merge_chunk (av, p, size);

if (!have_lock)
__libc_lock_unlock (av->mutex);
}
/*
If the chunk was allocated via mmap, release via munmap().
*/

else {
munmap_chunk (p);
}
}
```
</details>

## \_int\_free\_merge\_chunk

该函数将尝试将大小为SIZE字节的块P与其相邻块合并。将结果块放入未排序的bin列表中。

执行一些检查：

- 如果块是顶部块：`double free or corruption (top)`
- 如果下一个块在arena边界之外：`double free or corruption (out)`
- 如果块未标记为已使用（在以下块的`prev_inuse`中）：`double free or corruption (!prev)`
- 如果下一个块的大小太小或太大：`free(): invalid next size (normal)`
- 如果前一个块未被使用，它将尝试合并。但是，如果prev\_size与前一个块中指示的大小不同：`corrupted size vs. prev_size while consolidating`

<details>

<summary>_int_free_merge_chunk 代码</summary>
```c
// From https://github.com/bminor/glibc/blob/f942a732d37a96217ef828116ebe64a644db18d7/malloc/malloc.c#L4660C1-L4702C2

/* Try to merge chunk P of SIZE bytes with its neighbors.  Put the
resulting chunk on the appropriate bin list.  P must not be on a
bin list yet, and it can be in use.  */
static void
_int_free_merge_chunk (mstate av, mchunkptr p, INTERNAL_SIZE_T size)
{
mchunkptr nextchunk = chunk_at_offset(p, size);

/* Lightweight tests: check whether the block is already the
top block.  */
if (__glibc_unlikely (p == av->top))
malloc_printerr ("double free or corruption (top)");
/* Or whether the next chunk is beyond the boundaries of the arena.  */
if (__builtin_expect (contiguous (av)
&& (char *) nextchunk
>= ((char *) av->top + chunksize(av->top)), 0))
malloc_printerr ("double free or corruption (out)");
/* Or whether the block is actually not marked used.  */
if (__glibc_unlikely (!prev_inuse(nextchunk)))
malloc_printerr ("double free or corruption (!prev)");

INTERNAL_SIZE_T nextsize = chunksize(nextchunk);
if (__builtin_expect (chunksize_nomask (nextchunk) <= CHUNK_HDR_SZ, 0)
|| __builtin_expect (nextsize >= av->system_mem, 0))
malloc_printerr ("free(): invalid next size (normal)");

free_perturb (chunk2mem(p), size - CHUNK_HDR_SZ);

/* Consolidate backward.  */
if (!prev_inuse(p))
{
INTERNAL_SIZE_T prevsize = prev_size (p);
size += prevsize;
p = chunk_at_offset(p, -((long) prevsize));
if (__glibc_unlikely (chunksize(p) != prevsize))
malloc_printerr ("corrupted size vs. prev_size while consolidating");
unlink_chunk (av, p);
}

/* Write the chunk header, maybe after merging with the following chunk.  */
size = _int_free_create_chunk (av, p, size, nextchunk, nextsize);
_int_free_maybe_consolidate (av, size);
}
```
</details>

{% hint style="success" %}
学习并练习AWS Hacking：<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks 培训 AWS 红队专家 (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
学习并练习GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks 培训 GCP 红队专家 (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)

<details>

<summary>支持 HackTricks</summary>

* 检查[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* **加入** 💬 [**Discord 群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**电报群组**](https://t.me/peass) 或 **关注**我们的**Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* 通过向[**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)和[**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github 仓库提交 PR 来分享黑客技巧。

</details>
{% endhint %}