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385 lines
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385 lines
24 KiB
Markdown
# DOM XSS
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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</details>
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## **DOM vulnerabilities**
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> **Sources**
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>
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> A source is a JavaScript property that accepts data that is potentially attacker-controlled. An example of a source is the `location.search` property because it reads input from the query string, which is relatively simple for an attacker to control. Ultimately, any property that can be controlled by the attacker is a potential source. This includes the referring URL (exposed by the `document.referrer` string), the user's cookies (exposed by the `document.cookie` string), and web messages.
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> **Sinks**
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>
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> A sink is a potentially dangerous JavaScript function or DOM object that can cause undesirable effects if attacker-controlled data is passed to it. For example, the `eval()` function is a sink because it processes the argument that is passed to it as JavaScript. An example of an HTML sink is `document.body.innerHTML` because it potentially allows an attacker to inject malicious HTML and execute arbitrary JavaScript.
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Fundamentally, DOM-based vulnerabilities arise when a website **passes data from a source to a sink**, which then handles the data in an unsafe way in the context of the client's session.
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{% hint style="info" %}
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**You can find a more updated list of sources and sinks in** [**https://github.com/wisec/domxsswiki/wiki**](https://github.com/wisec/domxsswiki/wiki)
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{% endhint %}
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**Common sources:**
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```javascript
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document.URL
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document.documentURI
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document.URLUnencoded
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document.baseURI
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location
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document.cookie
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document.referrer
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window.name
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history.pushState
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history.replaceState
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localStorage
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sessionStorage
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IndexedDB (mozIndexedDB, webkitIndexedDB, msIndexedDB)
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Database
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```
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**Common Sinks:**
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| [**Open Redirect**](dom-xss.md#open-redirect) | [**Javascript Injection**](dom-xss.md#javascript-injection) | [**DOM-data manipulation**](dom-xss.md#dom-data-manipulation) | **jQuery** |
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| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| `location` | `eval()` | `scriptElement.src` | `add()` |
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| `location.host` | `Function() constructor` | `scriptElement.text` | `after()` |
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| `location.hostname` | `setTimeout()` | `scriptElement.textContent` | `append()` |
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| `location.href` | `setInterval()` | `scriptElement.innerText` | `animate()` |
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| `location.pathname` | `setImmediate()` | `someDOMElement.setAttribute()` | `insertAfter()` |
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| `location.search` | `execCommand()` | `someDOMElement.search` | `insertBefore()` |
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| `location.protocol` | `execScript()` | `someDOMElement.text` | `before()` |
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| `location.assign()` | `msSetImmediate()` | `someDOMElement.textContent` | `html()` |
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| `location.replace()` | `range.createContextualFragment()` | `someDOMElement.innerText` | `prepend()` |
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| `open()` | `crypto.generateCRMFRequest()` | `someDOMElement.outerText` | `replaceAll()` |
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| `domElem.srcdoc` | **\`\`**[**Local file-path manipulation**](dom-xss.md#local-file-path-manipulation) | `someDOMElement.value` | `replaceWith()` |
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| `XMLHttpRequest.open()` | `FileReader.readAsArrayBuffer()` | `someDOMElement.name` | `wrap()` |
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| `XMLHttpRequest.send()` | `FileReader.readAsBinaryString()` | `someDOMElement.target` | `wrapInner()` |
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| `jQuery.ajax()` | `FileReader.readAsDataURL()` | `someDOMElement.method` | `wrapAll()` |
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| `$.ajax()` | `FileReader.readAsText()` | `someDOMElement.type` | `has()` |
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| **\`\`**[**Ajax request manipulation**](dom-xss.md#ajax-request-manipulation) | `FileReader.readAsFile()` | `someDOMElement.backgroundImage` | `constructor()` |
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| `XMLHttpRequest.setRequestHeader()` | `FileReader.root.getFile()` | `someDOMElement.cssText` | `init()` |
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| `XMLHttpRequest.open()` | `FileReader.root.getFile()` | `someDOMElement.codebase` | `index()` |
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| `XMLHttpRequest.send()` | [**Link manipulation**](dom-xss.md#link-manipulation) | `someDOMElement.innerHTML` | `jQuery.parseHTML()` |
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| `jQuery.globalEval()` | `someDOMElement.href` | `someDOMElement.outerHTML` | `$.parseHTML()` |
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| `$.globalEval()` | `someDOMElement.src` | `someDOMElement.insertAdjacentHTML` | [**Client-side JSON injection**](dom-xss.md#client-side-sql-injection) |
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| **\`\`**[**HTML5-storage manipulation**](dom-xss.md#html-5-storage-manipulation) | `someDOMElement.action` | `someDOMElement.onevent` | `JSON.parse()` |
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| `sessionStorage.setItem()` | [**XPath injection**](dom-xss.md#xpath-injection) | `document.write()` | `jQuery.parseJSON()` |
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| `localStorage.setItem()` | `document.evaluate()` | `document.writeln()` | `$.parseJSON()` |
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| **``**[**`Denial of Service`**](dom-xss.md#denial-of-service)**``** | `someDOMElement.evaluate()` | `document.title` | **\`\`**[**Cookie manipulation**](dom-xss.md#cookie-manipulation) |
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| `requestFileSystem()` | **\`\`**[**Document-domain manipulation**](dom-xss.md#document-domain-manipulation) | `document.implementation.createHTMLDocument()` | `document.cookie` |
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| `RegExp()` | `document.domain` | `history.pushState()` | [**WebSocket-URL poisoning**](dom-xss.md#websocket-url-poisoning) |
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| [**Client-Side SQl injection**](dom-xss.md#client-side-sql-injection) | [**Web-message manipulation**](dom-xss.md#web-message-manipulation) | `history.replaceState()` | `WebSocket` |
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| `executeSql()` | `postMessage()` | \`\` | \`\` |
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The **`innerHTML`** sink doesn't accept `script` elements on any modern browser, nor will `svg onload` events fire. This means you will need to use alternative elements like `img` or `iframe`.
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This kind of XSS is probably the **hardest to find**, as you need to look inside the JS code, see if it's **using** any object whose **value you control**, and in that case, see if there is **any way to abuse** it to execute arbitrary JS.
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## Tools to find them
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* [https://github.com/mozilla/eslint-plugin-no-unsanitized](https://github.com/mozilla/eslint-plugin-no-unsanitized)
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## Examples
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### Open Redirect
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/open-redirection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/open-redirection)
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#### How
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DOM-based open-redirection vulnerabilities arise when a script writes **attacker-controllable data** into a **sink** that can trigger **cross-domain navigation**.
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Remember that **if you can start the URL** were the victim is going to be **redirected**, you could execute **arbitrary code** like: **`javascript:alert(1)`**
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#### Sinks
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```
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location
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location.host
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location.hostname
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location.href
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location.pathname
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location.search
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location.protocol
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location.assign()
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location.replace()
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open()
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domElem.srcdoc
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XMLHttpRequest.open()
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XMLHttpRequest.send()
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jQuery.ajax()
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$.ajax()
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```
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### Cookie manipulation
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/cookie-manipulation](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/cookie-manipulation)
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#### How
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DOM-based cookie-manipulation vulnerabilities arise when a script writes **attacker-controllable data into the value of a cookie**.\
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This could be abuse to make the page behaves on unexpected manner (if the cookie is used in the web) or to perform a [session fixation](../hacking-with-cookies/#session-fixation) attack (if the cookie is used to track the user's session).
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#### Sinks
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```
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document.cookie
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```
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### JavaScript Injection
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/javascript-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/javascript-injection)
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#### How
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DOM-based JavaScript-injection vulnerabilities arise when a script executes **attacker-controllable data as JavaScript**.
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#### Sinks
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```
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eval()
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Function() constructor
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setTimeout()
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setInterval()
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setImmediate()
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execCommand()
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execScript()
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msSetImmediate()
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range.createContextualFragment()
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crypto.generateCRMFRequest()
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```
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### Document-domain manipulation
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/document-domain-manipulation](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/document-domain-manipulation)
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#### How
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Document-domain manipulation vulnerabilities arise when a script uses **attacker-controllable data to set** the **`document.domain`** property.
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The `document.domain` property is used by browsers in their **enforcement** of the **same origin policy**. If **two pages** from **different** origins explicitly set the **same `document.domain`** value, then those two pages can **interact in unrestricted ways**.\
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Browsers **generally enforce some restrictions** on the values that can be assigned to `document.domain`, and may prevent the use of completely different values than the actual origin of the page. **But this doesn't occur always** and they usually **allow to use child** or **parent** domains.
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#### Sinks
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```
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document.domain
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```
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### WebSocket-URL poisoning
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/websocket-url-poisoning](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/websocket-url-poisoning)
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#### How
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WebSocket-URL poisoning occurs when a script uses **controllable data as the target URL** of a WebSocket connection.
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#### Sinks
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The `WebSocket` constructor can lead to WebSocket-URL poisoning vulnerabilities.
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### Link manipulation
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/link-manipulation](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/link-manipulation)
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#### How
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DOM-based link-manipulation vulnerabilities arise when a script writes **attacker-controllable data to a navigation target** within the current page, such as a clickable link or the submission URL of a form.
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#### Sinks
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```
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someDOMElement.href
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someDOMElement.src
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someDOMElement.action
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```
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### Ajax request manipulation
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/ajax-request-header-manipulation](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/ajax-request-header-manipulation)
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#### How
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Ajax request manipulation vulnerabilities arise when a script writes **attacker-controllable data into the an Ajax request** that is issued using an `XmlHttpRequest` object.
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#### Sinks
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```
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XMLHttpRequest.setRequestHeader()
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XMLHttpRequest.open()
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XMLHttpRequest.send()
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jQuery.globalEval()
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$.globalEval()
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```
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### Local file-path manipulation
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/local-file-path-manipulation](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/local-file-path-manipulation)
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#### How
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Local file-path manipulation vulnerabilities arise when a script passes **attacker-controllable data to a file-handling API** as the `filename` parameter. An attacker may be able to use this vulnerability to construct a URL that, if visited by another user, will cause the **user's browser to open/write an arbitrary local file**.
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#### Sinks
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```
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FileReader.readAsArrayBuffer()
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FileReader.readAsBinaryString()
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FileReader.readAsDataURL()
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FileReader.readAsText()
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FileReader.readAsFile()
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FileReader.root.getFile()
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FileReader.root.getFile()
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```
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### Client-Side SQl injection
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/client-side-sql-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/client-side-sql-injection)
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#### How
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Client-side SQL-injection vulnerabilities arise when a script incorporates **attacker-controllable data into a client-side SQL query in an unsafe way**.
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#### Sinks
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```
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executeSql()
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```
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### HTML5-storage manipulation
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/html5-storage-manipulation](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/html5-storage-manipulation)
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#### How
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HTML5-storage manipulation vulnerabilities arise when a script **stores attacker-controllable data in the HTML5 storage** of the web browser (either `localStorage` or `sessionStorage`).\
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This **behavior does not in itself constitute a security vulnerability**. However, if the application later **reads data back from storage and processes it in an unsafe way**, an attacker may be able to leverage the storage mechanism to deliver other DOM-based attacks, such as cross-site scripting and JavaScript injection.
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#### Sinks
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```
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sessionStorage.setItem()
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localStorage.setItem()
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```
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### XPath injection
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/client-side-xpath-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/client-side-xpath-injection)
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#### How
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DOM-based XPath-injection vulnerabilities arise when a script incorporates **attacker-controllable data into an XPath query**.
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#### Sinks
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```
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document.evaluate()
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someDOMElement.evaluate()
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```
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### Client-side JSON injection
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/client-side-json-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/client-side-json-injection)
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#### How
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DOM-based JSON-injection vulnerabilities arise when a script incorporates **attacker-controllable data into a string that is parsed as a JSON data structure and then processed by the application**.
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#### Sinks
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```
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JSON.parse()
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jQuery.parseJSON()
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$.parseJSON()
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```
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### Web-message manipulation
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/web-message-manipulation](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/web-message-manipulation)
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#### How
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Web-message vulnerabilities arise when a script sends **attacker-controllable data as a web message to another document** within the browser.\
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**Example** of vulnerable Web-message manipulation in [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/controlling-the-web-message-source](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/controlling-the-web-message-source)
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#### Sinks
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The `postMessage()` method for sending web messages can lead to vulnerabilities if the event listener for receiving messages handles the incoming data in an unsafe way.
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### DOM-data manipulation
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/dom-data-manipulation](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/dom-data-manipulation)
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#### How
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DOM-data manipulation vulnerabilities arise when a script writes **attacker-controllable data to a field within the DOM** that is used within the visible UI or client-side logic. An attacker may be able to use this vulnerability to construct a URL that, if visited by another user, will modify the appearance or behaviour of the client-side UI.
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#### Sinks
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```
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scriptElement.src
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scriptElement.text
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scriptElement.textContent
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scriptElement.innerText
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someDOMElement.setAttribute()
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someDOMElement.search
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someDOMElement.text
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someDOMElement.textContent
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someDOMElement.innerText
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someDOMElement.outerText
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someDOMElement.value
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someDOMElement.name
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someDOMElement.target
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someDOMElement.method
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someDOMElement.type
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someDOMElement.backgroundImage
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someDOMElement.cssText
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someDOMElement.codebase
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document.title
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document.implementation.createHTMLDocument()
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history.pushState()
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history.replaceState()
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```
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### Denial of Service
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From: [https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/denial-of-service](https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/denial-of-service)
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#### How
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DOM-based denial-of-service vulnerabilities arise when a script passes **attacker-controllable data in an unsafe way to a problematic platform API**, such as an API whose invocation can cause the user's computer to consume **excessive amounts of CPU or disk space**. This may result in side effects if the browser restricts the functionality of the website, for example, by rejecting attempts to store data in `localStorage` or killing busy scripts.
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#### Sinks
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```
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requestFileSystem()
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RegExp()
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```
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## Dom Clobbering
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{% content-ref url="dom-clobbering.md" %}
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[dom-clobbering.md](dom-clobbering.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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