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305 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
305 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
# 53 - Pentesting DNS
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<details>
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<summary><strong>Leer AWS-hacking vanaf nul tot held met</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
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Ander maniere om HackTricks te ondersteun:
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* As jy wil sien dat jou **maatskappy geadverteer word in HackTricks** of **HackTricks aflaai in PDF-formaat** Kyk na die [**INSKRYWINGSPLANNE**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Kry die [**amptelike PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* Ontdek [**Die PEASS Familie**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), ons versameling eksklusiewe [**NFT's**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* **Sluit aan by die** 💬 [**Discord-groep**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) of die [**telegram-groep**](https://t.me/peass) of **volg** ons op **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Deel jou haktruuks deur PR's in te dien by die** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) en [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github-opslag.
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</details>
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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**Onmiddellik beskikbare opstelling vir kwetsbaarheidsassessering & pentesting**. Voer 'n volledige pentest uit van enige plek met 20+ gereedskap & funksies wat gaan van rekognisering tot verslagdoening. Ons vervang nie pentesters nie - ons ontwikkel aangepaste gereedskap, opsporing & uitbuitingsmodules om hulle 'n bietjie tyd terug te gee om dieper te graaf, skulpe te laat pop, en pret te hê.
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{% embed url="https://pentest-tools.com/" %}
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## **Basiese Inligting**
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Die **Domain Name System (DNS)** dien as die internet se gids, wat gebruikers in staat stel om webwerwe te besoek deur **maklik onthoudbare domeinname** soos google.com of facebook.com, eerder as die numeriese Internet Protocol (IP)-adresse. Deur domeinnamen na IP-adresse te vertaal, verseker die DNS dat webblaaie vinnig internetbronne kan laai, wat vereenvoudig hoe ons die aanlynwêreld navigeer.
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**Verstekpoort:** 53
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```
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PORT STATE SERVICE REASON
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53/tcp open domain Microsoft DNS 6.1.7601 (1DB15D39) (Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1)
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5353/udp open zeroconf udp-response
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53/udp open domain Microsoft DNS 6.1.7601 (1DB15D39) (Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1)
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```
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### Verskillende DNS-bedieners
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* **DNS-wortelservers**: Hierdie is bo-aan die DNS-hierargie, wat die topvlakdomeine bestuur en slegs ingryp as laervlakbedieners nie reageer nie. Die Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (**ICANN**) hou toesig oor hul werking, met 'n wêreldwye telling van 13.
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* **Gesaghebbende Naambedieners**: Hierdie bedieners het die finale sê oor navrae in hul aangewese zones, en bied definitiewe antwoorde. As hulle nie 'n antwoord kan gee nie, word die navraag na die wortelservers geëskaleer.
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* **Nie-gesaghebbende Naambedieners**: Sonder eienaarskap oor DNS-zones, versamel hierdie bedieners domeininligting deur navrae aan ander bedieners te rig.
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* **Kas-DNS-bediener**: Hierdie tipe bediener onthou vorige navraagantwoorde vir 'n bepaalde tyd om reaksie tye vir toekomstige versoeke te versnel, met die kasduur wat deur die gesaghebbende bediener bepaal word.
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* **Deurbestuurder-bediener**: Deurbestuurderservers speel 'n eenvoudige rol deur navrae eenvoudig na 'n ander bediener deur te skakel.
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* **Oplosser**: Geïntegreer binne rekenaars of roeteryers, voer oplossers naamoplossing plaaslik uit en word nie as gesaghebbend beskou nie.
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## Opsomming
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### **Banner Gaping**
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Daar is nie baniers in DNS nie, maar jy kan die magiese navraag vir `version.bind. CHAOS TXT` gryp wat op die meeste BIND-naambedieners sal werk.\
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Jy kan hierdie navraag uitvoer met behulp van `dig`:
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```bash
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dig version.bind CHAOS TXT @DNS
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```
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Verder kan die gereedskap [`fpdns`](https://github.com/kirei/fpdns) ook die bediener vingerafdruk.
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Dit is ook moontlik om die banier ook met 'n **nmap** skrip te gryp:
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```
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--script dns-nsid
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```
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### **Enige rekord**
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Die rekord **ENIGE** sal die DNS-bediener vra om **alle beskikbare inskrywings** wat **dit bereid is om bekend te maak**, terug te gee.
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```bash
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dig any victim.com @<DNS_IP>
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```
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### **Sone Oordrag**
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Hierdie prosedure word afgekort as `Asynchronous Full Transfer Zone` (`AXFR`).
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```bash
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dig axfr @<DNS_IP> #Try zone transfer without domain
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dig axfr @<DNS_IP> <DOMAIN> #Try zone transfer guessing the domain
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fierce --domain <DOMAIN> --dns-servers <DNS_IP> #Will try toperform a zone transfer against every authoritative name server and if this doesn'twork, will launch a dictionary attack
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```
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### Meer inligting
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```bash
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dig ANY @<DNS_IP> <DOMAIN> #Any information
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dig A @<DNS_IP> <DOMAIN> #Regular DNS request
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dig AAAA @<DNS_IP> <DOMAIN> #IPv6 DNS request
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dig TXT @<DNS_IP> <DOMAIN> #Information
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dig MX @<DNS_IP> <DOMAIN> #Emails related
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dig NS @<DNS_IP> <DOMAIN> #DNS that resolves that name
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dig -x 192.168.0.2 @<DNS_IP> #Reverse lookup
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dig -x 2a00:1450:400c:c06::93 @<DNS_IP> #reverse IPv6 lookup
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#Use [-p PORT] or -6 (to use ivp6 address of dns)
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```
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#### Outomatisering
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```bash
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for sub in $(cat <WORDLIST>);do dig $sub.<DOMAIN> @<DNS_IP> | grep -v ';\|SOA' | sed -r '/^\s*$/d' | grep $sub | tee -a subdomains.txt;done
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dnsenum --dnsserver <DNS_IP> --enum -p 0 -s 0 -o subdomains.txt -f <WORDLIST> <DOMAIN>
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```
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#### Gebruik van nslookup
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```bash
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nslookup
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> SERVER <IP_DNS> #Select dns server
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> 127.0.0.1 #Reverse lookup of 127.0.0.1, maybe...
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> <IP_MACHINE> #Reverse lookup of a machine, maybe...
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```
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### Nuttige Metasploit-modules
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```bash
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auxiliary/gather/enum_dns #Perform enumeration actions
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```
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### Nuttige nmap-skripte
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```bash
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#Perform enumeration actions
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nmap -n --script "(default and *dns*) or fcrdns or dns-srv-enum or dns-random-txid or dns-random-srcport" <IP>
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```
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### DNS - Omgekeerde BF
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```bash
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dnsrecon -r 127.0.0.0/24 -n <IP_DNS> #DNS reverse of all of the addresses
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dnsrecon -r 127.0.1.0/24 -n <IP_DNS> #DNS reverse of all of the addresses
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dnsrecon -r <IP_DNS>/24 -n <IP_DNS> #DNS reverse of all of the addresses
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dnsrecon -d active.htb -a -n <IP_DNS> #Zone transfer
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```
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{% hint style="info" %}
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As jy in staat is om subdomeine te vind wat na interne IP-adresse verwys, moet jy probeer om 'n omgekeerde DNS BF uit te voer na die NSs van die domein wat vir daardie IP-reeks vra.
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{% endhint %}
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'n Ander instrument om dit te doen: [https://github.com/amine7536/reverse-scan](https://github.com/amine7536/reverse-scan)
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Jy kan omgekeerde IP-reeksnavrae doen na [https://bgp.he.net/net/205.166.76.0/24#\_dns](https://bgp.he.net/net/205.166.76.0/24#\_dns) (hierdie instrument is ook nuttig met BGP).
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### DNS - Subdomeine BF
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```bash
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dnsenum --dnsserver <IP_DNS> --enum -p 0 -s 0 -o subdomains.txt -f subdomains-1000.txt <DOMAIN>
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dnsrecon -D subdomains-1000.txt -d <DOMAIN> -n <IP_DNS>
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dnscan -d <domain> -r -w subdomains-1000.txt #Bruteforce subdomains in recursive way, https://github.com/rbsec/dnscan
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```
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### Aktiewe Gidsbediener
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```bash
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dig -t _gc._tcp.lab.domain.com
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dig -t _ldap._tcp.lab.domain.com
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dig -t _kerberos._tcp.lab.domain.com
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dig -t _kpasswd._tcp.lab.domain.com
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nslookup -type=srv _kerberos._tcp.<CLIENT_DOMAIN>
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nslookup -type=srv _kerberos._tcp.domain.com
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nmap --script dns-srv-enum --script-args "dns-srv-enum.domain='domain.com'"
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```
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### DNSSec
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```bash
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#Query paypal subdomains to ns3.isc-sns.info
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nmap -sSU -p53 --script dns-nsec-enum --script-args dns-nsec-enum.domains=paypal.com ns3.isc-sns.info
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```
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### IPv6
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Brute force deur "AAAA" versoeke te gebruik om die IPv6 van die subdomeine in te samel.
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```bash
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dnsdict6 -s -t <domain>
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```
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### Bruteforce omgekeerde DNS in met behulp van IPv6-adressen
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IPv6-adresse word gebruik om omgekeerde DNS-inligting te verkry deur 'n bruteforce-aanval uit te voer.
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```bash
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dnsrevenum6 pri.authdns.ripe.net 2001:67c:2e8::/48 #Will use the dns pri.authdns.ripe.net
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```
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### DNS Rekursie DDoS
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Indien **DNS-rekursie geaktiveer is**, kan 'n aanvaller die **oorsprong** op die UDP-pakket vervals om die **DNS te dwing om die respons na die slagofferserver te stuur**. 'n Aanvaller kan **ENIGE** of **DNSSEC** rekordtipes misbruik aangesien hulle geneig is om groter respons te hê.\
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Die manier om te **kontroleer** of 'n DNS **rekursie ondersteun**, is om 'n domeinnaam te ondervra en te **kontroleer** of die **vlag "ra"** (_rekursie beskikbaar_) in die respons is:
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```bash
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dig google.com A @<IP>
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```
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**Nie beskikbaar**:
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.png>)
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**Beskikbaar**:
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.png>)
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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**Onmiddellik beskikbare opstelling vir kwesbaarheidsassessering & pentesting**. Voer 'n volledige pentest uit van enige plek met 20+ gereedskap en kenmerke wat strek vanaf rekognisering tot verslagdoening. Ons vervang nie pentesters nie - ons ontwikkel aangepaste gereedskap, opsporing- en uitbuitingsmodules om hulle 'n bietjie tyd te gee om dieper te delf, skulpe te laat pop, en pret te hê.
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{% embed url="https://pentest-tools.com/" %}
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### E-pos aan nie-bestaande rekening
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Deur die ondersoek van 'n nie-aflewering kennisgewing (NDN) wat deur 'n e-pos gestuur is na 'n ongeldige adres binne 'n teiken domein, word waardevolle interne netwerkdetails dikwels blootgestel.
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Die verskafte nie-aflewering verslag sluit inligting in soos:
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* Die genererende bediener is geïdentifiseer as `server.example.com`.
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* 'n Mislukkingskennisgewing vir `user@example.com` met die foutkode `#550 5.1.1 RESOLVER.ADR.RecipNotFound; not found` is terugbesorg.
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* Interne IP-adresse en gasheernames is blootgestel in die oorspronklike boodskopkoppe.
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```markdown
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The original message headers were modified for anonymity and now present randomized data:
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Generating server: server.example.com
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user@example.com
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#550 5.1.1 RESOLVER.ADR.RecipNotFound; not found ##
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Original message headers:
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Received: from MAILSERVER01.domain.example.com (192.168.1.1) by
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mailserver02.domain.example.com (192.168.2.2) with Microsoft SMTP Server (TLS)
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id 14.3.174.1; Mon, 25 May 2015 14:52:22 -0700
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Received: from filter.example.com (203.0.113.1) by
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MAILSERVER01.domain.example.com (192.168.1.1) with Microsoft SMTP Server (TLS)
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id 14.3.174.1; Mon, 25 May 2015 14:51:22 -0700
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X-ASG-Debug-ID: 1432576343-0614671716190e0d0001-zOQ9WJ
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Received: from gateway.domainhost.com (gateway.domainhost.com [198.51.100.37]) by
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filter.example.com with ESMTP id xVNPkwaqGgdyH5Ag for user@example.com; Mon,
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25 May 2015 14:52:13 -0700 (PDT)
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X-Envelope-From: sender@anotherdomain.org
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X-Apparent-Source-IP: 198.51.100.37
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```
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## Opset lêers
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```
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host.conf
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/etc/resolv.conf
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/etc/bind/named.conf
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/etc/bind/named.conf.local
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/etc/bind/named.conf.options
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/etc/bind/named.conf.log
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/etc/bind/*
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```
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Gevaarlike instellings wanneer 'n Bind-bediener gekonfigureer word:
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| **Opsie** | **Beskrywing** |
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| ----------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| `allow-query` | Definieer watter gasheer toegelaat word om versoek na die DNS-bediener te stuur. |
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| `allow-recursion` | Definieer watter gasheer toegelaat word om herhalende versoek na die DNS-bediener te stuur. |
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| `allow-transfer` | Definieer watter gasheer toegelaat word om sone-oordragte van die DNS-bediener te ontvang. |
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| `zone-statistics` | Versamel statistiese data van sones. |
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## Verwysings
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* [https://www.myrasecurity.com/en/knowledge-hub/dns/](https://www.myrasecurity.com/en/knowledge-hub/dns/)
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* Boek: **Network Security Assessment 3rd edition**
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## HackTricks Outomatiese Opdragte
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```
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Protocol_Name: DNS #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
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Port_Number: 53 #Comma separated if there is more than one.
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Protocol_Description: Domain Name Service #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
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Entry_1:
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Name: Notes
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Description: Notes for DNS
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Note: |
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#These are the commands I run every time I see an open DNS port
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dnsrecon -r 127.0.0.0/24 -n {IP} -d {Domain_Name}
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dnsrecon -r 127.0.1.0/24 -n {IP} -d {Domain_Name}
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dnsrecon -r {Network}{CIDR} -n {IP} -d {Domain_Name}
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dig axfr @{IP}
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dig axfr {Domain_Name} @{IP}
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nslookup
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SERVER {IP}
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127.0.0.1
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{IP}
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Domain_Name
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exit
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https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-dns
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Entry_2:
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Name: Banner Grab
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Description: Grab DNS Banner
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Command: dig version.bind CHAOS TXT @DNS
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Entry_3:
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Name: Nmap Vuln Scan
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Description: Scan for Vulnerabilities with Nmap
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Command: nmap -n --script "(default and *dns*) or fcrdns or dns-srv-enum or dns-random-txid or dns-random-srcport" {IP}
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Entry_4:
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Name: Zone Transfer
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Description: Three attempts at forcing a zone transfer
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Command: dig axfr @{IP} && dix axfr @{IP} {Domain_Name} && fierce --dns-servers {IP} --domain {Domain_Name}
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Entry_5:
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Name: Active Directory
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Description: Eunuerate a DC via DNS
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Command: dig -t _gc._{Domain_Name} && dig -t _ldap._{Domain_Name} && dig -t _kerberos._{Domain_Name} && dig -t _kpasswd._{Domain_Name} && nmap --script dns-srv-enum --script-args "dns-srv-enum.domain={Domain_Name}"
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Entry_6:
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Name: consolesless mfs enumeration
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Description: DNS enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
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Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
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Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/dns/dns_amp; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 53; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/gather/enum_dns; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 53; run; exit'
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```
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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**Onmiddellik beskikbare opstelling vir kwesbaarheidsassessering & pentesting**. Voer 'n volledige pentest uit vanaf enige plek met 20+ gereedskap en kenmerke wat strek vanaf rekognisering tot verslagdoening. Ons vervang nie pentesters nie - ons ontwikkel aangepaste gereedskap, opsporing- en uitbuitingsmodules om hulle 'n bietjie tyd te gee om dieper te delf, skulpe te laat pop en pret te hê.
|
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|
|
{% embed url="https://pentest-tools.com/" %}
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|
|
<details>
|
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|
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<summary><strong>Leer AWS-hacking vanaf nul tot held met</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
|
|
|
|
Ander maniere om HackTricks te ondersteun:
|
|
|
|
* As jy wil sien dat jou **maatskappy geadverteer word in HackTricks** of **HackTricks aflaai in PDF-formaat** Kyk na die [**INSKRYWINGSPLANNE**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
|
* Kry die [**amptelike PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
|
* Ontdek [**Die PEASS-familie**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), ons versameling van eksklusiewe [**NFT's**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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|
* **Sluit aan by die** 💬 [**Discord-groep**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) of die [**telegram-groep**](https://t.me/peass) of **volg** ons op **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Deel jou haktruuks deur PR's in te dien by die** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) en [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github-opslagplekke.
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</details>
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