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174 lines
9.5 KiB
Markdown
174 lines
9.5 KiB
Markdown
# Email Injections
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 (1) (2).png>)
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\
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Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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## Inject in sent e-mail
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### Inject Cc and Bcc after sender argument
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```
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From:sender@domain.com%0ACc:recipient@domain.co,%0ABcc:recipient1@domain.com
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```
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The message will be sent to the recipient and recipient1 accounts.
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### Inject argument
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```
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From:sender@domain.com%0ATo:attacker@domain.com
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```
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The message will be sent to the original recipient and the attacker account.
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### Inject Subject argument
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```
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From:sender@domain.com%0ASubject:This is%20Fake%20Subject
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```
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The fake subject will be added to the original subject and in some cases will replace it. It depends on the mail service behavior.
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### Change the body of the message
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Inject a two-line feed, then write your message to change the body of the message.
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```
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From:sender@domain.com%0A%0AMy%20New%20%0Fake%20Message.
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```
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### PHP mail() function exploitation
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```bash
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# The function has the following definition:
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php --rf mail
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Function [ <internal:standard> function mail ] {
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- Parameters [5] {
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Parameter #0 [ <required> $to ]
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Parameter #1 [ <required> $subject ]
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Parameter #2 [ <required> $message ]
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Parameter #3 [ <optional> $additional_headers ]
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Parameter #4 [ <optional> $additional_parameters ]
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}
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}
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```
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#### The 5th parameter ($additional\_parameters)
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This section is going to be based on **how to abuse this parameter supposing that an attacker controls it**.
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This parameter is going to be added to the command line PHP will be using to invoke the binary sendmail. However, it will be sanitised with the function `escapeshellcmd($additional_parameters)`.
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An attacker can **inject extract parameters for sendmail** in this case.
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#### Differences in the implementation of /usr/sbin/sendmail
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**sendmail** interface is **provided by the MTA email software** (Sendmail, Postfix, Exim etc.) installed on the system. Although the **basic functionality** (such as -t -i -f parameters) remains the **same** for compatibility reasons, **other functions and parameters** vary greatly depending on the MTA installed.
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Here are a few examples of different man pages of sendmail command/interface:
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* Sendmail MTA: http://www.sendmail.org/\~ca/email/man/sendmail.html
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* Postfix MTA: http://www.postfix.org/mailq.1.html
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* Exim MTA: https://linux.die.net/man/8/eximReferences
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Depending on the **origin of the sendmail** binary different options have been discovered to abuse them and l**eak files or even execute arbitrary commands**. Check how in [**https://exploitbox.io/paper/Pwning-PHP-Mail-Function-For-Fun-And-RCE.html**](https://exploitbox.io/paper/Pwning-PHP-Mail-Function-For-Fun-And-RCE.html)
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## Inject in the e-mail name
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### Ignored parts of an email
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The symbols: **+, -** and **{}** in rare occasions can be used for tagging and ignored by most e-mail servers
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* E.g. john.doe+intigriti@example.com → john.doe@example.com
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**Comments between parentheses ()** at the beginning or the end will also be ignored
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* E.g. john.doe(intigriti)@example.com → john.doe@example.com
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### Whitelist bypass
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (6).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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### Quotes
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (6).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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### IPs
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You can also use IPs as domain named between square brackets:
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* john.doe@\[127.0.0.1]
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* john.doe@\[IPv6:2001:db8::1]
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### Other vulns
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.png>)
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## Third party SSO
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### XSS
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Some services like **github** or **salesforce allows** you to create an **email address with XSS payloads on it**. If you can **use this providers to login on other services** and this services **aren't sanitising** correctly the email, you could cause **XSS**.
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### Account-Takeover
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If a **SSO service** allows you to **create an account without verifying the given email address** (like **salesforce**) and then you can use that account to **login in a different service** that **trusts** salesforce, you could access any account.\
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_Note that salesforce indicates if the given email was or not verified but so the application should take into account this info._
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## Reply-To
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You can send an email using _**From: company.com**_\*\* \*\* and _**Replay-To: attacker.com**_ and if any **automatic reply** is sent due to the email was sent **from** an **internal address** the **attacker** may be able to **receive** that **response**.
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## Hard Bounce Rate
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Some applications like AWS have a **Hard Bounce Rate** (in AWS is 10%), that whenever is overloaded the email service is blocked.
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A **hard bounce** is an **email** that couldn’t be delivered for some permanent reasons. Maybe the **email’s** a fake address, maybe the **email** domain isn’t a real domain, or maybe the **email** recipient’s server won’t accept **emails**) , that means from total of 1000 emails if 100 of them were fake or were invalid that caused all of them to bounce, **AWS SES** will block your service.
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So, if you are able to **send mails (maybe invitations) from the web application to any email address, you could provoke this block by sending hundreds of invitations to nonexistent users and domains: Email service DoS.**
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## References
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* [https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/email-injection/](https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/email-injection/)
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* [https://exploitbox.io/paper/Pwning-PHP-Mail-Function-For-Fun-And-RCE.html](https://exploitbox.io/paper/Pwning-PHP-Mail-Function-For-Fun-And-RCE.html)
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* [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iKL6wbp3yYwOmxEtAg1jEmuOf8RM8ty9/view](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iKL6wbp3yYwOmxEtAg1jEmuOf8RM8ty9/view)
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop\&v=4ZsTKvfP1g0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop\&v=4ZsTKvfP1g0)
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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|
||
 (1) (2).png>)
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|
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\
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Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm\_campaign=hacktrics\&utm\_medium=banner\&utm\_source=hacktricks) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
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Get Access Today:
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